Introduction
Different Types of Alliance Processes in Family-Involved Treatment
Moderators of the Alliance: Outcome Association
Present Study
Methods
Sample of Studies
Study | Study qualityb
| Treatment model | Treatment setting | Type of TA | TA measure | TA timing | TA Rater | Outcome domain | Outcome timing | Outcome rater |
N families |
N individualsd
|
N ESe
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bachler et al. (2016) | 30 | TAF | HB | P/Yc
| CP-TAF | Imp | T | GT, PF, YS | EOT | P | 304 | n.r. | 8 |
Bennun (1989) | 6 | FT | C | P | TS | E | P | GT, YS + PF | EOT | P | 35 | 26 | 5 |
Y | TS | E | Y | YS + PF | EOT | P | 17 | 17 | |||||
Chinchilla (2007)a1
| 27 | MDFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | R, YS | EOT, FU | Y, P, OM | 68 | 66 | 11 |
Dauber (2004)a1
| 25 | MDFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | YS | EOT, FU | Y | 63 | 61 | 6 |
Escudero et al. (2008)f
| 24 | FT | C | Y + P | SOFTA-O | E, M | O | GT | DT | Y, P | 37 | 82 | 16 |
F | SOFTA-O | E, M | O | GT | DT | Y, P | 82 | ||||||
Feder and Diamond (2016)
| 20 | ABFT | C | P | VTAS-R | M | O | YS | EOT | Y | 19 | 19 | 2 |
Flicker et al. (2008)f
| 22 | FFT | C | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | T | 86 | 43 | 6 |
P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | T | 43 | ||||||
S | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | T | 43 | ||||||
Forsberg et al. (2014)2
| 18 | FBT | C | P | WAI-O | E | O | YS | EOT | OM | 38 | 61 | 3 |
S | WAI-O | E | O | YS | EOT | OM | 99 | ||||||
Forsberg (2011)a2
| 15 | FBT | C | Y + P | WAI-O | E | O | YS | EOT | Y | 38 | 99 | 1 |
Friedlander et al. (2008)f3
| 19 | FT | C | F | SOFTA-O | E | O | GT | DT | P | 27 | n.r. | 2 |
Friedlander et al. (2012)3
| 17 | FT | C | Y | SOFTA-S | E, M | Y | GT | DT | Y, P | 20 | 20 | 4 |
P | SOFTA-S | E, M | P | GT | DT | Y, P | 36 | ||||||
Glueckauf et al. (2002) | 22 | IFCM | n.r. | Y | WAI-S | E + M (A) | Y | YS, GT | EOT | Y | 19 | 19 | 20 |
P | WAI-S | E + M (A) | P | YS, GT | EOT | P | 19 | ||||||
Hawley and Weisz (2005) | 29 | CB MH | C | Y | TASC | L | Y | R, YS | EOT | OM, T, Y, P | 65 | 65 | 10 |
P | TASC | L | P | R, YS | EOT | OM, T, Y, P | 65 | ||||||
Hogue et al. (2006)f1
| 28 | MDFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | YS | EOT, FU | Y, P | 44 | 44 | 20 |
P | VTAS-R | E | O | YS | EOT, FU | Y, P | n.r. | ||||||
Isserlin and Couturier (2012) | 18 | FBT | C | Y | SOFTA-O | E, M, L | O | YS, R | EOT | OM, Y, P | 14 | 14 | 75 |
P | SOFTA-O | E, M, L | O | YS, R | EOT | OM, Y, P | n.r. | ||||||
F | SOFTA-O | E, M, L | O | YS, R | EOT | OM, Y, P | n.r. | ||||||
Johnson et al. (2006)f4
| 27 | HB FT | HB | Y + P | FTAS | L | Y, P | YS | EOT | Y + P | 225 | 456 | 6 |
Johnson et al. (2002)f4
| 27 | HB FT | HB | Y | FTAS | L | Y | YS, PF | EOT | Y | 43 | 16 | 18 |
P | FTAS | L | P | YS, PF | EOT | P | 45 | ||||||
Keeley et al. (2011) | 27 | FB CBT | C | Y | TASC | E, M | C, T | YS | EOT | Y, P | 23 | 22 | 16 |
P | WAI | E, M | P, T | YS | EOT | Y, P | 22 | ||||||
Kim (2007)a
| 11 | SFBT | C | Y | RRS | E | Y | YS | EOT | Y | 25 | 21 | 20 |
P | RRS | E | P | PF | EOT | P | 22 | ||||||
Y + P | RRS | E | Y, P | PF | EOT | Y, P | n.r. | ||||||
S | RRS | E | Y, P | PF | EOT | Y, P | n.r. | ||||||
Lange (in prep.) | 29 | MST | HB | P | TAM-R | Imp, E, M, L | P | YS | EOT, FU | P | 848 | 774 | 18 |
Pereira et al. (2006)f
| 17 | FBT | C | Y | WAI-O | E, L | O | R, YS | EOT, DT | OM | 41 | 36 | 18 |
P | WAI-O | E, L | O | R, YS | EOT, DT | OM | 31 | ||||||
Rienecke et al. (2016) | 23 | FBT PHP | C, H | Y | WAI-S | E, L | Y | R, YS | EOT | O | 56 | 56 | 17 |
P | WAI-S | E, L | P | R, YS | EOT | O | 40 | ||||||
Robbins et al. (2006)f1
| 20 | MDFT | n.r. | Y + P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 30 | n.r. | 1 |
Robbins et al. (2008)f
| 23 | BSFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 31 | 23 | 14 |
P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 23 | ||||||
Y + P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | n.r. | ||||||
S | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | n.r. | ||||||
Robbins et al. (2003)f
| 16 | FFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 34 | 29 | 13 |
P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 29 | ||||||
Y + P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | n.r. | ||||||
S | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | n.r. | ||||||
Shelef and Diamond (2008)f5
| 26 | MDFT | n.r. | Y | VTAS-R(SF) | E, M, L | O | R, YS | EOT | OM | 86 | 45 | 4 |
P | VTAS-R(SF) | E, M, L | O | R | EOT | OM | 34 | ||||||
Y + P | VTAS-R(SF) | E, M, L | O | R | EOT | OM, Y | 68 | ||||||
Shelef et al. (2005)f5
| 27 | MDFT | n.r. | Y | WAI, VTAS-R | E | Y, O | YS, R | EOT, FT | Y, OM | 91 | 59 | 23 |
P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT | OM | 65 | ||||||
Y + P | VTAS-R | E | O | R | EOT, FU | OM | 110 | ||||||
Zaitsoff et al. (2008) | 20 | FBT | C | Y | HRQ | ML | Y | YS | EOT | Y | 40 | 40 | 4 |
Study |
N families | Problem type | Referral to treatment |
Mean age youth | % male youth | % male adult | % non-caucasian | % non-caucasian therapists |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bachler et al. (2016) | 304 | Multiproblem families | M | 14.6 | 49 | 35 | n.r. | n.r. |
Bennun (1989) | 35 | Mixed | HS | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Chinchilla (2007)1
| 68 | Substance abuse | Mx | 15.3 | 80 | n.r. | 83 | 50 |
Dauber (2004)1
| 63 | Substance abuse | Mx | 15.3 | 79 | n.r. | 81 | 60 |
Escudero et al. (2008) | 37 | Mixed | HS | 15.0 | 40 | 36 | 0 | 0 |
Feder and Diamond (2016)
| 19 | Internalizing problems | HS | 15.5 | 5 | 16 | 74 | 0 |
Flicker et al. (2008) | 86 | Substance abuse | Mx | 15.7 | 84 | n.r. | 50 | 33 |
Forsberg et al. (2014)2
| 38 | Eating disorders | HS | 14.0 | 13 | 41 | 24 | n.r. |
Forsberg (2011)2
| 39 | Eating disorders | HS | 14.0 | 13 | 41 | 24 | n.r. |
Friedlander et al. (2008)3
| 27 | Mixed | R | 10.2 | n.r. | 33 | 7 | 10 |
Friedlander et al. (2012)3
| 20 | Mixed | R | 13.2 | 33 | 41 | 10 | 11 |
Glueckauf et al. (2002) | 19 | Epilepsy with behavioral problems | R | 13.9 | 53 | 41 | 11 | n.r. |
Hawley and Weisz (2005) | 65 | Mixed | HS | 11.9 | 59 | 11 | 63 | n.r. |
Hogue et al. (2006)1
| 44 | Substance abuse | Mx | 15.47 | 81 | n.r. | 80 | 60 |
Isserlin and Couturier (2012) | 14 | Eating disorders | HS | 14.0 | 0 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Johnson et al. (2006)4
| 225 | Multiproblem families | M | 14.4 | n.r. | 36 | 15 | n.r. |
Johnson et al. (2002)4
| 43 | Multiproblem families | M | 14.0 | n.r. | 27 | 19 | n.r. |
Kim (2007) | 25 | Mixed | HS | 13.1 | 48 | 19 | 4 | n.r. |
Lange (in prep.) | 848 | Externalizing problems | M | 15.3 | 66 | 17 | n.r. | n.r. |
Pereira et al. (2006) | 41 | Eating disorders | R | 15.1 | 9 | n.r. | 26 | n.r. |
Rienecke et al. (2016) | 56 | Eating disorders | HS | 15.8 | 7 | 37 | 7 | 0 |
Robbins et al. (2006)1
| 30 | Substance abuse | Mx | 14.9 | 80 | n.r. | 83 | 20 |
Robbins et al. (2008) | 31 | Substance abuse | n.r. | 15.7 | 71 | 43 | 100 | n.r. |
Robbins et al. (2003) | 34 | Substance abuse | Mx | 15.0 | 59 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Shelef and Diamond (2008)5
| 86 | Substance abuse | Mx | 16.0 | 73 | n.r. | 51 | 33 |
Shelef et al. (2005)5
| 91 | Substance abuse | Mx | 16.0 | 85 | n.r. | 53 | 33 |
Zaitsoff et al. (2008) | 40 | Eating disorders | n.r. | 16.1 | 3 | n.r. | 36 | n.r. |
Coding of Studies
Calculation of Effect Sizes and Statistical Analyses
Analysis of Publication Bias
Results
Correlation Between Alliance and Outcomes
Type of effect size r
| # studies
a
| # ES | Mean r (SE) | 95% CI | Sig. mean r
| % var. level 1 | σ2 level 2 | % var. level 2 | σ2 level 3 | % Var. level 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level of alliance–outcome1
| 20 | 329 | .183 (.044) | .100, .265 | < .001*** | 19.6 | .044*** | 48.2 | .029*** | 32.2 |
Split alliance–outcome2
| 5 | 17 | .106 (.109) | − .124, .327 | .343 | 42.2 | .015 | 15.3 | .042* | 42.5 |
Alliance change score–outcome3
| 3 | 15 | .281 (.145) | − .023, .538 | .067 | 5.2 | .004 | 6.4 | .058*** | 88.3 |
Moderator Analyses
Moderator Analyses on Level of Alliance and Outcome Correlation
Moderator | # studies
a
| # ES | Mean r (SE) | 95% CI | β (95% CI) | Test statistic |
p
| σ2 level 2 | σ2 level 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study quality | 20 | 329 | .421 (.160)** | .130, .645 | − .012 (− .027, .002) |
F (1, 327) = 2.872 | .091 | .043*** | .031*** |
Sample characteristics | |||||||||
Problem type general | 20 | 329 |
F (1, 327) = 2.031 | .155 | .044*** | .028*** | |||
Youth problems | 16 | 278 | .154 (.048)** | .060, .244 | |||||
Mixed youth parent/family problems | 4 | 51 | .299 (.096)** | .117,.461 | .152 (− .058, .350) | ||||
Problem type | 20 | 329 |
F (5, 323) = 1.139 | .339 | .044*** | .027*** | |||
Drug abuse youth | 3 | 77 | .112 (.093) | − .070, .287 | |||||
Eating disorders youth | 4 | 116 | .206 (.086)* | .040, .361 | .097 (− .151, .332) | ||||
Internalizing problems youth | 1 | 14 | .444 (.156)** | .167, .656 | .350 (− .007, .619)* | ||||
Externalizing problems youth | 1 | 15 | − .004 (.172) | − .347, .326 | − .116 (− .466, .265) | ||||
Multiproblem families | 2 | 34 | .118 (.125) | − .128, .352 | .007 (− .293, .319) | ||||
Mixed | 5 | 73 | .203 (.077)** | .054, .344 | .093 (− .143, .319) | ||||
Average age youth | 18 | 313 | .794 (.286)*** | .465, .930 | − .062 (− .101, − .022)** |
F (1, 311) = 9.435 | .002** | .045*** | .011*** |
% Male youth | 18 | 298 | .424 (.084)** | .082 (.390) | − .158 (− .431, .140) |
F (1, 296) = 1.098 | .296 | .045*** | .029*** |
% Male adult | 11 | 105 | .140 (.049)** | .044, .234 | .059 (− .094, .211) |
F (1, 103) = .584 | .446 | .000 | .016*** |
% Non-caucasian | 17 | 238 | .199 (.059)*** | .085, .309 | − .071 (− .320, .178) |
F (1, 236) = .315 | .575 | .047*** | .020*** |
% Non-caucasian therapists | 7 | 110 | .193 (.081)* | .035, .341 | − .186 (− .671, .299) |
F (1, 108) = .579 | .448 | .078*** | .013 |
Referral source | 18 | 317 |
F (3, 313) = 2.937 | .033* | .044*** | .023*** | |||
Recruited for study | 3 | 44 | .264 (.100)** | .073, .436 | |||||
Help-seeking | 9 | 154 | .277 (.061)*** | .161, .383 | .014 (− .214, .239) | ||||
Mandated | 1 | 24 | .116 (.160) | − .198, .411 | − .151 (− .527, .219) | ||||
Mixed mandated/help-seeking | 5 | 95 | .011 (.075) | − .136, .159 | − .253 (− .466, − .012)* | ||||
Treatment characteristics | |||||||||
Treatment model | 20 | 329 |
F (7, 321) = 1.886 | .071 | .044** | .019** | |||
MDFT | 2 | 65 | .114 (.102) | − .088, .308 | |||||
FBT | 5 | 116 | .204 (.075)** | .059, .340 | .091 (− .159, .330) | ||||
FB CBT | 1 | 12 | .523 (.164)*** | .256, .720 | .435 (.083, 691)* | ||||
FFT | 2 | 15 | − .124 (.123) | − .353, .119 | − .235 (.506, .078) | ||||
MST | 1 | 15 | .183 (.074)* | .040, .319 | .070 (− .178, .310) | ||||
Other | 5 | 58 | .119 (.160) | − .194, .410 | .005 (− .355, .364) | . | |||
Treatment setting | 15 | 225 |
F (2, 222) = 364.015 | .175 | .000 | .037*** | |||
Home-based | 2 | 39 | .018 (.136) | − .246, .288 | |||||
Outpatient clinic | 12 | 169 | .265 (.060)*** | .152, .371 | .248 (− .045, .498) | ||||
Hospital or residential treatment | 1 | 17 | .067 (.194) | − .319, .309 | .049 (− .399, .478) | ||||
Alliance characteristics | |||||||||
Type of alliance | 20 | 329 |
F (3, 325) = .028 | .891 | .045*** | .029*** | |||
Youth–therapist | 17 | 116 | .195 (.050)*** | .100, .288 | |||||
Parent–therapist | 18 | 132 | .168 (.048)*** | .075, .259 | − .028, (− .106, .052) | ||||
(Within) family/therapist | 4 | 33 | .208 (.081)** | .052, .354 | .013 (− .134, .159) | ||||
Youth + parent–therapist (added or averaged) | 8 | 48 | .191 (.060)** | .075, .301 | − .005 (− .108, .99) | ||||
Alliance rater | 20 | 329 |
F (4, 324) = .649 | .628 | .044*** | .029*** | |||
Youth | 10 | 58 | .179 (.059)** | .065, .289 | |||||
Parent | 9 | 67 | .184 (.063)** | .063, .300 | .005 (− .105, .115) | ||||
Therapist | 1 | 6 | .347 (.165)* | .035, .598 | .179 (− .145, .468) | ||||
Observer | 11 | 193 | .186 (.056)*** | .078, .289 | .007 (− .126, .140) | ||||
Youth + parent averaged or added | 2 | 5 | .007 (.153) | − .289, .301 | − .172 (− .445, .129) | ||||
Development of measure | 20 | 329 |
F (1, 327) = 1.340 | .248 | .044*** | .028*** | |||
For individual therapy | 16 | 208 | .272 (.092)** | .099, .429 | |||||
For family therapy | 4 | 121 | .158 (.049)** | .063, .250 | − .119 (− .313, .084) | ||||
Alliance construct | 20 | 329 |
F (5, 323) = .445
| .817 | .045*** | .026*** | |||
Bond | 5 | 24 | .154 (.080) | − .004, .303 | |||||
Goal | 3 | 15 | .182 (.096) | − .006, .355 | .028 (− .167, .221) | ||||
Task | 3 | 15 | .145 (.096) | − .043, .323 | − .009 (− .203, .187) | ||||
Goal and task | 2 | 54 | .275 (.106)** | .071, .457 | .153 (− .069, .360) | ||||
Bond, goal and task | 16 | 182 | .164 (.047)*** | .072, .253 | .126 (− .109, .350) | ||||
Within-family alliance | 3 | 39 | .300 (.099)** | .112, .465 | .011 (− .151, .173) | ||||
Alliance timing | 20 | 329 |
F (3, 325) = 997.763 | .014* | .041*** | .029*** | |||
Early treatment | 15 | 204 | .153 (.047)** | .062, .242 | |||||
Midtreatment | 6 | 35 | .205 (.069)** | .072, .330 | .053 (− .070, .174) | ||||
Late treatment | 7 | 56 | .208 (.067)* | .021, .278 | − .001 (− .124, .122) | ||||
Averaged or added | 4 | 34 | .326 (.079)*** | .228, .496 | .230 (.090, .360)** | ||||
Outcome characteristics | |||||||||
Outcome domain | 20 | 329 |
F (3, 325) = 1.609 | .187 | .044*** | .025*** | |||
Youth symptom severity or functioning | 15 | 222 | .167 (.045)*** | .081, .251 | |||||
Parental or family functioning | 1 | 6 | .020 (.150) | − .270, .306 | − .148 (− .410, .136) | ||||
Retention | 9 | 69 | .141 (.055)* | .033, .245 | − .027 (− .121, .067) | ||||
Goal attainment, therapeutic progress | 4 | 32 | .323 (.089)*** | .158, .470 | .164 (.-017, .335) | ||||
Outcome rater | 20 | 329 |
F (6, 322) = .890 | .502 | .044*** | .030*** | |||
Youth | 11 | 111 | .163 (.054)** | .059, .265 | |||||
Parent | 9 | 77 | .235 (.057)*** | .125, .337 | .074 (− .026, .171) | ||||
Therapist | 3 | 14 | .176 (.103) | − .027, .364 | .012 (− .200, .224) | ||||
Observer | 2 | 10 | .175 (.112) | − .047, .380 | .011 (− .200, .222) | ||||
Objectified measure | 7 | 89 | .132 (.062)* | .010, .250 | − .032 (− .143, .079) | ||||
Youth and parent combined | 4 | 27 | .167 (.084)* | .004, .322 | .004 (− .169, .176) | ||||
Youth and data combined | 1 | 1 | .567 (.298)* | .039, .847 | .445 (− .132, .796) | ||||
Outcome timing | 20 | 329 | F (2, 326) = .117 | .890 | .044*** | .031*** | |||
End of treatment | 18 | 257 | .189 (.046)*** | .099, .275 | |||||
Follow-up | 3 | 42 | .165 (.067)* | .036, .289 | − .024 (− .128, .082) | ||||
During treatment | 3 | 30 | .168 (.069) | − .019, .344 | − .021 (− .209, .168) |
Alliance Characteristics
Treatment Characteristics
Outcome Characteristics
Sample Characteristics
Moderator Analyses on Split Alliance and Outcome Correlation
Moderator | # studies
a
| # ES | Mean r (SE) | 95% CI | β (95% CI) | Test statistic |
p
| σ2 level 2 | σ2 level 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study quality | 5 | 17 | .839 (.282)* | .217, .897 | − .041 (− .074, − .008)* |
F (1, 15) = 7.122 | .018* | .015 | .007 |
Sample characteristics | |||||||||
Problem type | 5 | 17 |
F (2, 14) = 5.347 | .019 * | .017 | .002 | |||
Drug abuse youth | 2 | 8 | − .137 (.093) | − .325, .060 | |||||
Eating disorders youth | 1 | 2 | .179 (.157) | − .160, .477 | .307 (− .076, .611) | ||||
Mixed problem types | 2 | 7 | .308 (.105)* | .083, .487 | .419 (.146, .633)** | ||||
Average age youth | 5 | 17 | .970 (.898) | − .769, 1.000 | − .135 (− .335, .076) |
F (1, 15) = 1.871 | .191 | .016 | .030 |
% Male youth | 5 | 17 | .327 (.274) | − .253, .734 | − .395 (− .887, .517) |
F (1, 15) = .809 | .383 | .016 | .042 |
% Male adult | 3 | 13 | .046 (.175) | − .330, .410 | .069 (− .377, .514) |
F (1,11) = .115 | .741 | .000 | .069* |
% Non-caucasian | 4 | 15 | − .106 (.215) | − .518, .346 | .370 (− .076, .816) |
F (1,13) = 3.207 | .097 | .000 | .140 |
Treatment characteristics | |||||||||
Treatment model | 5 | 17 |
F (2, 14) = 31.544 | .849 | .016 | .078* | |||
FBT | 1 | 2 | .177 (.307) | − .464, .696 | |||||
FFT | 2 | 4 | .179 (.220) | − .291, .580 | .002 (− .681, .684) | ||||
Other | 2 | 11 | .018 (.211) | − .414, .444 | − .159 (− .754, .578) | ||||
Alliance characteristics | |||||||||
Alliance rater | 5 | 17 |
F (1, 15) = .610 | .447 | .016 | .046 | |||
Observer | 4 | 12 | .062 (.127) | − .207, .323 | |||||
Youth + parent averaged or added | 1 | 5 | .274 (.244) | − .245, .671 | .216 (− .362, .816) | ||||
Outcome characteristics | |||||||||
Outcome domain | 5 | 17 |
F (1, 15) = .886 | .361 | .016 | .041 | |||
Youth symptom severity or functioning | 2 | 7 | .229 (.171) | − .134, .538 | |||||
Retention | 3 | 12 | .024 (.139) | − .267, .311 | .206 (− .593, .258) | ||||
Outcome rater | 5 | 17 |
F (3, 13) = .100 | .959 | .017 | .149* | |||
Youth | 1 | 5 | .274 (.385) | − .535, .821 | |||||
Therapist | 1 | 2 | .022 (.390) | − .869, .723 | − .260 (− .907, .758) | ||||
Objectified measure | 2 | 8 | .046 (.281) | − .578, .585 | − .235 (− .865, .687) | ||||
Youth and objectified measure combined | 1 | 2 | .177 (.423) | − .615, .791 | − .102 (− .876, .818) |
Moderator Analyses on Alliance Change Scores and Outcome Correlation
Moderator | # studies
a
| # ES | Mean r (SE) | 95% CI | β (95% CI) | Test statistic |
p
| σ2 level 2 | σ2 level 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study quality | 3 | 15 | .981 (1.000) | − 1.000, 1.000 | − .070 (− .380, .254) |
F (1, 13) = .211 | .653 | .004 | .100*** |
Sample characteristics | |||||||||
Problem type general | 3 | 15 |
F (1, 13) = .084 | .777 | .004 | .113** | |||
Youth problems | 1 | 8 | .248 (.240) | − .270, .654 | |||||
Mixed youth and parent/family problems | 2 | 7 | .357 (.325) | − .355, .801 | .121 (.653, .771) | ||||
Problem type | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = 7.681 | .007** | .004 | .004 | |||
Internalizing problems youth | 1 | 4 | .471 (.135)** | .212, .668 | |||||
Externalizing problems youth | 1 | 3 | .020 (.078) | − .150, .188 | − .455 (− .682, − .149)** | ||||
Multiproblem families | 1 | 8 | .357 (.072)*** | .214, 485 | − .136 (− .440, .194) | ||||
Average age youth | 3 | 15 | .878 (.709) | − .497, .997 | − .079 (− .215, .059) |
F (1, 13) = 1.526 | .239 | .004 | .045** |
% Male youth | 3 | 15 | .908 (.762) | − .570, .999 | − .974 (− 1.000, .923) |
F (1, 13) = 1.534 | .237 | .004 | .045 |
% Male adult | 2 | 11 | − .812 (.278)** | − .945, − .449 | 1.000 (− .978, 1.000)*** |
F (1, 9) = 22.858 | <.001*** | .004 | .001 |
% Non-caucasian | 3 | 15 | .374 (.328) | − .305,.801 | − .656 (− 4.455, 3.143) |
F (1,13) = .139 | .715 | .004 | .107*** |
Referral source | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = 7.681 | .007** | .004 | .004 | |||
Help-seeking | 1 | 4 | .471 (.135)** | .212, .668 | |||||
Mandated | 1 | 8 | .357 (.072)*** | .214, 485 | − .136 (.440, .194) | ||||
Mixed mandated/help-seeking | 1 | 3 | .020 (.078) | − .150, .188 | − .455 (− .682, − .149)** | ||||
Treatment characteristics | |||||||||
Treatment model | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = 7.681 | .007** | .004 | .004 | |||
FB CBT | 1 | 4 | .471 (.135)** | .212, 668 | |||||
MST | 1 | 3 | .020 (.078) | − .150, .188 | − .491 (− .833, − .149)** | ||||
Other | 1 | 8 | .357 (.072)*** | .214, .485 | − .136 (− .440, .194) | ||||
Treatment setting | 3 | 15 |
F (1, 13) = .918 | .355 | .004 | .061*** | |||
Home-based | 2 | 11 | .195 (.175) | − .183, .523 | |||||
Outpatient clinic | 1 | 4 | .471 (.268) | − .082, .802 | .303 (− .374, .769) | ||||
Alliance characteristics | |||||||||
Type of alliance | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = 1.588 | .244 | .004 | .043 | |||
Youth–therapist | 1 | 2 | .488 (.232)* | .018, .781 | |||||
Parent–therapist | 1 | 5 | .151 (.165) | − .208, .515 | − .364 (− .700, .105) | ||||
Youth + parent–therapist (averaged or added) | 2 | 8 | .357 (.208) | − .086, .682 | − .158 (.691, .485) | ||||
Alliance rater | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = 23.918 | <.001*** | .004 | .000 | |||
Youth | 1 | 1 | .707 (.235)** | .347, .886 | |||||
Parent | 2 | 4 | .034 (.043) | − .060, .126 | − .848 (− .880, − .310)** | ||||
Therapist | 2 | 10 | .375 (.031) *** | .291, .414 | − .468 (− .775, .016) | ||||
Outcome characteristics | |||||||||
Outcome domain | 3 | 15 |
F (2, 12) = .750 | .493 | .004 | .069 ** | |||
Youth symptom severity or functioning | 3 | 8 | .302 (.160) | − .039, 580 | |||||
Parental or family functioning | 1 | 4 | .212 (.174) | − .167, .536 | − .097 (− .324, .142) | ||||
Goal attainment or therapeutic progress | 1 | 3 | .277 (.175) | − .100, .598 | − .028 (− .265, .213) | ||||
Outcome rater | 3 | 15 |
F(2, 12) = .782 | .479 | .004 | .059** | |||
Youth | 1 | 1 | .275 (.201) | − .161, .621 | |||||
Parent | 2 | 10 | .192 (.171) | − .182, .517 | − .088 (− .322, .156) | ||||
Youth and parent combined | 1 | 4 | .471 (.264) | − .077, .800 | .225 (− .469, .747) | ||||
Outcome timing | 3 | 15 |
F (1, 13) = .308 | .588 | .006* | .049* | |||
End of treatment | 1 | 2 | .301 (.136)* | .004, .535 | |||||
Follow-up | 3 | 13 | .241 (.154) | − .090, .523 | − .055 (− .264, .159) |