Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2008 | Empirical Research

Adolescent Siblings’ Looking Glass Self-Orientations: Patterns of Liabilities and Associations with Parenting

Auteurs: Wendy C. Gamble, Jeong Jin Yu

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 7/2008

Abstract

A looking glass self-orientation refers to the tendency to incorporate the opinions of social partners to form a self-representation and approve of one’s self. These orientations were assessed for two adolescent siblings in 438 families with surveys accessed on-line. Younger (M = 11.6 years, SD = 1.8) and older (M = 14.3, SD = 2.1) siblings and their mothers (82.7% European-American) participated. The siblings shared similar orientations in relying on either classmates or the other sibling for approval, prior to self approval. Relying on classmate approval was significantly associated with adjustment and academic performance as reported by both the self and mothers. Siblings were also identified as sources of approval with implications for adjustment, but the magnitude of the associations with adjustment were lower. Comparisons of the older and younger siblings revealed that both groups were equally as liable to poor outcomes when reflecting the opinions of classmates or siblings. The results of SEM analyses implicate parenting characterized as coercive, rejecting, and chaotic in association with the tendency to rely on others for approval. A mediating role for looking glass self-orientations in associations between parenting and depressive symptoms, anxiety or academic performance was also found.

vorige artikel The Role of Perceived Parental Knowledge on Emerging Adults’ Risk Behaviors

volgende artikel Dimensions of Conscience in Mid-adolescence: Links with Social Behavior, Parenting, and Temperament

We divided the sample into random halves and then ran each model separately due to concerns about dyadic nonindependence; however, the statistical results were identical in each model.

We ran a model, controlling for age of siblings. The model produced a slightly poorer fit to the data, χ2(71) = 631.94, p < .001, CFI = .92, IFI = .92, RMSEA = .095 (.088–.102), and none of the paths from age of siblings to other latent variables were significant, although the magnitude and direction of the path coefficients were very similar to those of the hypothesized model. Thus, we opted to retain our hypothesized model.

Allison, P. D. (2003). Missing data techniques for structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 545–557.PubMedCrossRef

Arbuckle, J. L. (2005). AMOS 6.0 [computer software]. Spring House, PA: Amos Development Corporation.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74–94.CrossRef

Bouchey, H. A., & Harter, S. (2005). Reflected appraisals, academic self-perceptions, and math/science performance during early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 673–686.CrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bretherton, I. (1991). Pouring new wine in old bottles: The social self as internal working model. In M. R. Gunnar & L. A. Sroufe (Eds.), Self processes and development: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Development (Vol. 23, pp. 1–41). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Brody, G. H. (1998). Sibling relationship quality: Its causes and consequences. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 1–24.PubMedCrossRef

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cassidy, J. (1990). Theoretical and methodological considerations in the study of attachment and the self in young children. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 87–120). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cassidy, J., Ziv, Y., Mehta, T.G., & Feeney, B. C. (2003). Feedback seeking in children and adolescents: Associations with self-perceptions, attachment representations, and depression. Child Development, 74, 612–628.PubMedCrossRef

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.CrossRef

Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000). Assessment of symptoms of the DSM-IV anxiety and depression in children: A revised child anxiety and depression scale. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 835–855.CrossRef

Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribner’s and Sons.

Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: Freeman.

Crittenden, P. M. (1990). Internal representational models of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11, 259–277.CrossRef

Damon, W., & Hart, D. (1988). Self-understanding in childhood and adolescence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

DuBois, D. L., Felner, R. D., Sherman, M. D., & Bull, C. A. (1994). Socio-environmental experiences, self-esteem, and emotional/behavioral problems in adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 371–397.PubMedCrossRef

Dunn, J. (2002). Sibling relationships. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 223–237). Oxford, England: Blackwell.

Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C. (1982). Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

East, P. (1998). Impact of adolescent childbearing on families and younger siblings: Effects that increase younger siblings’ risk for early pregnancy. Applied Developmental Science, 2, 62–74.CrossRef

Eccles, J. S., & Midgley, C. (1989). Stage/environment fit: Developmentally appropriate classrooms for early adolescents. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (Vol. 3, pp. 139–181). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 430–457.CrossRef

Feinberg, M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Simmens, S., Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M. (2000). Sibling comparison of differential parental treatment in adolescence: Gender, self-esteem, and emotionality as mediators of the parenting-adjustment association. Child Development, 71, 1611–1628.PubMedCrossRef

Fiering, C., & Taska, L. S. (1996). Family self-concept: Ideas on its meaning. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept: Development, social and clinical considerations (pp. 317–373). New York, NY: Wiley.

Frey, K. S., & Ruble, D. N. (1990). Strategies for comparative evaluation: Maintaining sense of competence across the life span. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Kollingian Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 167–189). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 137–181). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Harter, S. (1987). The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary issues in developmental psychology (pp. 219–242). New York: Wiley.

Harter, S. (1990). Causes, correlates and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. In J. Kolligian & R. Sternberg (Eds.), Perceptions of competence and incompetence across the life span. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Harter, S. (1998). The development of self-representations. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.

Harter, S. (1999a). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford.

Harter, S. (1999b). Symbolic interactionism revisited: Potential liabilities for the self constructed in the crucible of interpersonal relationships. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 677–703.

Harter, S., & Pike, R. (1984). The pictoral scale of perceived competence and social-acceptance for young children. Child Development, 55, 1969–1982.PubMedCrossRef

Harter, S., & Stocker, C. (1993). A model of the perceived directionality of the link between approval and self-worth. Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver, Denver, CO.

Harter, S., Stocker, C., & Robinson, N. (1996). The perceived directionaly of the link between approval and self-worth: The liabilities of a looking glass self-orientation among young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 285–308.

Harter, S., & Whitesell, N. R. (2003). Beyond the debate: Why some adolescents report stable self-worth over time and situation, whereas others report changes in self-worth. Journal of Personality, 71, 1027–1058.PubMedCrossRef

Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–534.CrossRef

Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators. Examples from the child clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599–610.PubMedCrossRef

Hoyle, R. H. (1995). The structural equation modeling approach: Basic concepts and fundamental issues. In R. K. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 1–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ingoldsby, E. M., Shaw, D. S., & Garcia, M. M. (2001). Intrafamily conflict in relation to boys’ adjustment in school. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 35–52.PubMedCrossRef

Jenkins, J. M., Dunn, J., O’Connor, T. G., Rasbash, J., & Behnke, P. (2005). Change in maternal perception of sibling negativity: Within- and between family influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 533–541.PubMedCrossRef

Joiner, T. E., Katz, J., & Lew, A. S. (1997). Self-verification and depression among youth psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 608–618.PubMedCrossRef

Kernis, M. H. (1993). The roles of stability and level of self-esteem in psychological functioning. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 167–180). New York: Plenum.

Kowal, A., & Kramer, L. (1997). Children’s understanding of parental differential treatment. Child Development, 61, 113–126.CrossRef

Kupersmidt, J. B., & Dodge, K. A. (2004). Children’s peer relationship: From development to intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of Competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049–1065.PubMedCrossRef

Lewin, L. M., Hops, H., Davis, B., & Dishion, T. J. (1993). Multimethod comparison of similarity in school adjustment of siblings and unrelated children. Developmental Psychology, 6, 963–969.CrossRef

McGuire, S., McHale, S. M., & Updegraff, K. (1996). Children’s perceptions of the sibling relationship in middle childhood: Connections within and between family relationships. Personal Relationships, 3, 229–239.CrossRef

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82.PubMedCrossRef

McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (1996). The family contexts of sibling relationships. In G. Brody (Ed.), Sibling relationships their causes and consequences. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Messick, S. (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: validations of inferences form persons’ response and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50, 741–749.CrossRef

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

Oosterwegel, A., & Oppenheimer, L. (1993). The self-esteem: Developmental changes between and within self-concepts. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Parke, R. D., & O’Neil. R. (2000). The influence of significant others on learning about relationships: From families to friends. In R. Mills & S. Duck (Eds.), The developmental psychology of personal relationships (2nd ed., pp. 29–60). New York: Wiley.

Pike, A., Coldwell, J., & Dunn, J. F. (2005). Sibling relationships in early/middle childhood: Links with individual adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 523–532.PubMedCrossRef

Rodgers, J. L., & Rowe, D. C. (1990). Adolescent sexual activity and mildly deviant behavior: Sibling and friendship effects. Journal of Family Issues, 11, 274–293.CrossRef

Rosenberg, M. (1986). Self-concept from middle childhood through adolescence. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspective on the self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivators: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.PubMedCrossRef

Schachter, F. F., Shore, E., Feldman-Rotman, S., Marquis, R., E., & Campbell, S. (1976). Sibling deidentification. Developmental Psychology, 12, 418–427.

Schachter, F. F., & Stone, R. K. (1987). Comparing and contrasting siblings: Defining the self. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 19, 55–75.

Shebloski, B., Conger, K. J., & Widaman, K. F. (2005). Reciprocal links among differential parenting, perceived partiality, and self-worth: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 633–642.PubMedCrossRef

Skinner, E., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5, 175–205.

Skinner, E. A., Wellborn, J. G., & Regan, C. (1986). The “Parents as Social Context Questionnaire” (PASCQ): Parent- and child-reports of parent involvement, structure, and autonomy support. (Tech Rep.), Rochester, NY: University of Rochester.

Slomkowski, C., Rende, R., Conger, K. J., Simons, R. L., & Conger, R. D. (2001). Sisters, brothers, and delinquency: Evaluating social influence during early and middle adolescence. Child Development, 72, 271–283.PubMedCrossRef

Slomkowski, C., Rende, R., Novak, S., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Niaura, R. (2005). Sibling effects on smoking in adolescence: Evidence for social influence from a genetically informative design. Addiction, 100, 430–438.PubMedCrossRef

Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290–312). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Stipek, D. J. (1981). Children’s perceptions of their own and their classmates’ ability. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 404–410.CrossRef

Stocker, C., Dunn, J., & Plomin, R. (1989). Sibling relationships: Links with child temperament, maternal behavior, and family structure. Child Development, 60, 715–727.CrossRef

Trzeniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2003). Stability of self-esteem across the life-span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205–220.CrossRef

Tucker, C. J., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2001). Conditions of sibling support in adolescence. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 254–271.PubMedCrossRef

Yeh, H. C., & Lempers, J. D. (2004). Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 133–147.CrossRef

Titel: Adolescent Siblings’ Looking Glass Self-Orientations: Patterns of Liabilities and Associations with Parenting
Auteurs: Wendy C. Gamble
Jeong Jin Yu
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2008
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 7/2008
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9276-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2008

Relationships between Social Information Processing and Aggression among Adolescent Girls with and without ADHD

Predicting Children’s Depressive Symptoms from Community and Individual Risk Factors

A Multi-mediation Model on the Relations of Bullying, Victimization, Identity, and Family with Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

Associations among Overt and Relational Victimization and Adolescents’ Satisfaction with Friends: The Moderating Role of the Need for Affective Relationships with Friends

Varda Konstam, Emerging and Young Adulthood: Multiple Perspectives, Diverse Narratives

The Role of Perceived Parental Knowledge on Emerging Adults’ Risk Behaviors