For measuring the in-vivo range-of-motion of the ankle joints, a semi-automated Computer Tomography based bone contour method (CT/BCM) was developed to determine the three-dimensional position and orientation of the bones. To validate this technique, we hypothesized that the range of motion in the ankle is at least equally accurately measured by Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis (RSA) as by the CT/BCM technique.
Methods
Tantalum beads were placed in the distal tibia, talus and calcaneus of one cadaver specimen. With a fixed lower leg, the cadaveric foot was first held in neutral and subsequently loaded in eight different extreme positions. After acquiring a complete CT-scan with the foot in a position, the specimen was moved through the CT gantry, and two X-ray images were made. Bone contour detection was performed as described by Beimers [1], and RSA was performed according to Valstar [2]. The CT/BCM-data sets and RSA-data sets were transformed into the same coordinate system. Helical axis parameters were calculated for tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joint motion from neutral to the extreme positions and between opposite extreme positions. The differences between CT/BCM and RSA were calculated for rotation around, translation along, the position and the direction of the helical axis.
Results
The difference between the CT/BCM technique and RSA in helical axis position and helical axis rotation was dependent on the amount of rotation (Figure 1). By approximation, this relationship matched the model by Woltring [3]. Compared with RSA, the CT/BCM data registered a RMS difference of 0.26 degree for rotation about the helical axis, and 0.11 mm translation along the helical axis for tibiotalar motion between opposite extreme foot position. For talocalcaneal motion, these differences were 0.17 degree and 0.23 mm respectively.
Figure 1
Difference in helical axis position and helical axis orientation between the CT technique and RSA technique as functions of the rotation about the helical axis. Data of the tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joints were pooled.
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Conclusion
A cadaver specimen was used instead of a phantom, mimicking the in-vivo situation. A-priori known kinematics could not be applied, but comparison between the two techniques served as a fair estimate of the accuracy of the CT/BCM technique. The data suggest that the CT/BCM technique is as accurate or even more accurate than the RSA technique.
Acknowledgements
The assistance of Ms. S. Bringmann and Mr. M. Poulus in conducting the experiments is gratefully acknowledged.
Open AccessThis article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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