Top

Mindfulness

Gepubliceerd in:

31-03-2023 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Guilt in the Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Mindful Parenting in a Sample of Working Mothers

Auteurs: Ana C. Góis, Brígida Caiado, Helena Moreira

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 5/2023

Abstract

Objectives

The current study explored the mediating role of work interference on family guilt (WIFG) and family interference on work guilt (FIWG) in association with parents’ self-compassion and mindful parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic, while controlling for the effects of educational level and marital status.

Method

In May 2020, a sample of 398 mothers (26–50 years) participated in the study and completed an online survey that included a sociodemographic form and measures of self-compassion, work-family guilt, and mindful parenting. A parallel multiple mediation model was tested to explore the indirect effect of parents’ self-compassion on mindful parenting through WIFG and FIWG. Independent samples t-tests were performed to compare study variables by mothers’ working conditions during the pandemic.

Results

The mediation analysis indicated that parents’ higher levels of self-compassion were indirectly associated with higher levels of mindful parenting through lower levels of WIFG/FIWG. Comparison analyses indicated that mothers who were working in their workplace during the pandemic reported higher levels of WIFG than those working from home; conversely, mothers who were working from home reported higher levels of FIWG than those working in their workplace.

Conclusions

These data highlight the importance of research in this field and support the development of intervention community programs for promoting mindful parenting, by developing more adaptive emotional regulation strategies such as self-compassion, which specifically target parents who experience higher levels of guilt associated with work and family conflict.

Preregistration

This study is not pre-registered.

vorige artikel Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Duration and Type on Well-being: an Online Dose-Ranging Randomized Controlled Trial

volgende artikel Structural Inequities in Self-compassion and Parental Burnout

Adams, G. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.411CrossRef

Andel, S. A., Shen, W., & Arvan, M. L. (2021). Depending on your own kindness: The moderating role of self-compassion on the within-person consequences of work loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(4), 276. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000271CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S., & Restifo, K. (2014). Mindful parenting: A guide for mental health practitioners. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7406-7

Bögels, S. M., Hellemans, J., van Deursen, S., Römer, M., & van der Meulen, R. (2014). Mindful parenting in mental health care: Effects on parental and child psychopathology, parental stress, parenting, coparenting, and marital functioning. Mindfulness, 5(5), 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0209-7CrossRef

Borelli, J. L., Nelson, S. K., River, L. M., Birken, S. A., & Moss-Racusin, C. (2017). Gender differences in work-family guilt in parents of young children. Sex Roles, 76(5–6), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0579-0

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8CrossRef

Castilho, P., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Duarte, J. (2015). Evaluating the multifactor structure of the long and short versions of the self-compassion scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(9), 856–870. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22187CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587CrossRef

Conlin, M. (2000). The new debate over working moms: As more moms choose to stay home, office life is again under fire. Business Week, 3699, 102–104.

Coyne, L. W., Gould, E. R., Grimaldi, M., Wilson, K. G., Baffuto, G., & Biglan, A. (2020). First things first: Parent psychological flexibility and self-compassion during COVID-19. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(4), 1092–1098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00435-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Deniz, M. E. (2021). Self-compassion, intolerance of uncertainty, fear of COVID-19, and well-being: A serial mediation investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110824CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Duncan, L. (2007). Assessment of mindful parenting among parents of early adolescents: Development and validation of the interpersonal mindfulness in parenting scale [Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University]. ETDA. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/3737

Duncan, L., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. (2009). A model of mindful parenting: Implications for parent–child relationships and prevention research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(3), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-009-0046-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Erdamar, G., & Demirel, H. (2014). Investigation of work-family, family-work conflict of the teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4919–4924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1050CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13(6), 353–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507CrossRef

Gonçalves, G., Sousa, C., Santos, J., Silva, T., & Korabik, K. (2018). Portuguese mothers and fathers share similar levels of work-family guilt according to a newly validated measure. Sex Roles, 78(3–4), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0782-7

Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness are associated with parenting styles and parenting stress: The mediating role of mindful parenting. Mindfulness, 7(3), 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0507-yCrossRef

Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz-Megolla, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. D. P., & Peñate, W. (2021). COVID-19 lockdown and mental health in a sample population in Spain: The role of self-compassion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042103CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kabat-Zinn, J., & Kabat-Zinn, M. (1997). Everyday blessings: The inner work of mindful parenting. Hyperion.

Korabik, K., Aycan, Z., & Ayman, R. (Eds.). (2017). The work-family interface in global context (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315732084

Li, A., Wang, S., Cai, M., Sun, R., & Liu, X. (2021). Self-compassion and life-satisfaction among Chinese self-quarantined residents during COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of positive coping and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110457CrossRefPubMed

McElwain, A. K. (2008). An examination of the reliability and validity of the Work-Family Guilt Scale [Doctoral dissertation, University of Guelph ]. The Atrium. https://hdl.handle.net/10214/20933

McElwain, A., Korabik, K., & Chappell, D. B. (June 2005). The work–family guilt scale [Poster presentation]. Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Medeiros, C., Gouveia, M. J., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2016). The indirect effect of the mindful parenting of mothers and fathers on the child’s perceived well-being through the child’s attachment to parents. Mindfulness, 7(4), 916–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0530-zCrossRef

Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695CrossRef

Minnotte, K. L. (2012). Family structure, gender, and the work–family interface: Work-to-family conflict among single and partnered parents. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 33(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9261-4CrossRef

Moreira, H., & Canavarro, M. C. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale in a sample of Portuguese mothers. Mindfulness, 8(3), 691–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0647-0CrossRef

Moreira, H., Carona, C., Silva, N., Nunes, J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting: The mediating role of self-compassion. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 89(4), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12082CrossRef

Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Silva, N., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Maternal attachment and children’s quality of life: The mediating role of self-compassion and parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2332–2344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-zCrossRef

Moreira, H., Fonseca, A., Caiado, B., & Canavarro, M. C. (2019). Work-family conflict and mindful parenting: The mediating role of parental psychopathology symptoms and parenting stress in a sample of Portuguese employed parents. Frontiers in Psychology, 22(10), 635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00635CrossRef

Napholz, L. (2000). Balancing multiple roles among a group of urban midlife American Indian working women. Health Care for Women International, 21(4), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/073993300245122CrossRefPubMed

Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2009). Self-Compassion. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 561–573). Guilford Press.

Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compassion, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.xCrossRef

Neff, K. D., & Faso, D. J. (2015). Self-compassion and well-being in parents of children with autism. Mindfulness, 6(4), 938–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0359-2CrossRef

Nguyen, T. M., & Le, G. N. H. (2021). The influence of COVID-19 stress on psychological well-being among Vietnamese adults: The role of self-compassion and gratitude. Traumatology, 27(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000295CrossRef

Ohu, E. A., Spitzmueller, C., Zhang, J., Thomas, C. L., Osezua, A., & Yu, J. (2019). When work–family conflict hits home: Parental work–family conflict and child health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(5), 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000145CrossRefPubMed

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879CrossRefPubMed

Portuguese Government. (2020a). Decreto n.o 2-A/2020a - Diário da República n.o 57/2020a, 1o Suplemento, Série I de 2020a–03–20.DRE. https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/130473378/202104092153/73800560/diplomaExpandido/indice?q=2-A%2F2020

Portuguese Government. (2020b). Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros de 30 de abril de 2020b. Portugal Gov. https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/governo/comunicado-de-conselho-de-ministros?i=344

Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702CrossRef

Sirois, F. M., Bögels, S., & Emerson, L. M. (2019). Self-compassion improves parental well-being in response to challenging parenting events. The Journal of Psychology, 153(3), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2018.1523123CrossRefPubMed

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Terry, M. L., Leary, M. R., Mehta, S., & Henderson, K. (2013). Self-compassionate reactions to health threats. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(7), 911–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213488213CrossRef

Townshend, K. (2016). Conceptualizing the key processes of mindful parenting and its application to youth mental health. Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 24(6), 575–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856216654392CrossRefPubMed

Van den Eynde, A., Claessens, E., & Mortelmans, D. (2020). The consequences of work-family conflict in families on the behavior of the child. Journal of Family Research, 32(1), 123–144. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-355CrossRef

WHO. (2020). Director-general’s opening remarks at the Mission briefing on COVID-19. WHO. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)

Williams, K., & Wahler, R. (2010). Are mindful parents more authoritative and less authoritarian? An analysis of clinic-referred mothers. Journal of Child Family Studies, 19(2), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9309-3

Titel: Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portugal: The Mediating Role of Work-Family Guilt in the Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Mindful Parenting in a Sample of Working Mothers
Auteurs: Ana C. Góis
Brígida Caiado
Helena Moreira
Publicatiedatum: 31-03-2023
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 5/2023
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02114-7

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Method

Results

Conclusions

Preregistration

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 5/2023

Mindfulness and COVID-19-Related Stress: Staying Present During Uncertain Times

Kindergarten Teachers’ Perceived Work Environment and the Teacher–Child Relationship: A Moderated Mediation Model

Structural Inequities in Self-compassion and Parental Burnout

Initial Validation of the Brazilian Mindful Eating Scale Among Overweight and Low-Income Women

A Bibliometric Analysis of Mindfulness and Acceptance Research in Sports from 1969 to 2021

The Effectiveness of School-Based Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioural Programmes to Improve Emotional Regulation in 7–12-Year-Olds: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis