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01-03-2009 | Uitgave 2/2009

Mediators, moderators, and modulators of causal effects in clinical trials––Dynamically Modified Outcomes (DYNAMO) in health-related quality of life

Tijdschrift:: Quality of Life Research > Uitgave 2/2009

Auteurs:: Gary W. Donaldson, Yoshio Nakamura, Carol Moinpour

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Abstract

Purpose

There is more than one effect of a randomized intervention, and more than one response to a treatment. The mean group difference in the pre-specified outcome of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) estimates the average causal effect of treatment across causal mechanisms that may be distinct. To understand the comprehensive impact of an intervention, we propose identifying and separating the direct causal effects of the intervention from mediating, moderating, and modulating (individual differences) influences of uncontrolled variables.

Methods

Relational outcomes and moderated interventions describe two common mechanisms by which treatment interactions with uncontrolled variables expand or qualify the causal inferences to be drawn from an RCT, signifying treatment impact beyond that captured by conventional mean differences. Relational outcomes are associations between post-randomization measures. The treatment intervention may affect relational outcomes, and individual differences may modulate them. With moderated interventions, the effect of treatment on the outcome of interest depends on personal attributes or pre-randomization uncontrolled variables.

Results

Awareness and measurement of both types of mechanisms can greatly improve interpretation of the results of a clinical trial.

Conclusion

The integrated formal system of Dynamically Modified Outcomes (DYNAMO) provides comprehensive analysis of the diverse causal influences and interactions operating in a clinical trial.

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Titel: Mediators, moderators, and modulators of causal effects in clinical trials––Dynamically Modified Outcomes (DYNAMO) in health-related quality of life
Auteurs:: Gary W. Donaldson
Yoshio Nakamura
Carol Moinpour
Publicatiedatum: 01-03-2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-008-9439-x
Uitgeverij: Springer Netherlands
Tijdschrift: Quality of Life Research An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation - An Official Journal of the International Society of Quality of Life Research
Uitgave 2/2009
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649

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Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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