Introduction
Self-Criticism and Culture
Aim of the Current Study
Methods
Measure
Dimensions | Scale items | |
---|---|---|
Self-criticism | ||
Inadequate self | 1. | I am easily disappointed with myself. |
2. | There is a part of me that puts me down. | |
4. | I find it difficult to control my anger and frustration at myself. | |
6. | There is a part of me that feels I am not good enough. | |
7. | I feel beaten down by my own self-critical thoughts. | |
14. | I remember and dwell on my failings. | |
17. | I can’t accept failures and setbacks without feeling inadequate. | |
18. | I think I deserve my self-criticism. | |
20. | There is a part of me that wants to get rid of the bits I don’t like. | |
Hated self | 9. | I have become so angry with myself that I want to hurt or injure myself. |
10. | I have a sense of disgust with myself. | |
12. | I stop caring about myself. | |
15. | I call myself names. | |
22. | I do not like being me. | |
Self-reassurance | ||
Reassured self | 3. | I am able to remind myself of positive things about myself. |
5. | I find it easy to forgive myself. | |
8. | I still like being me. | |
11. | I can still feel lovable and acceptable. | |
13. | I find it easy to like myself. | |
16. | I am gentle and supportive with myself. | |
19. | I am able to care and look after myself. | |
21. | I encourage myself for the future. |
Sampling Procedure
Sample Characteristics and Procedures
Country | N | Female (%) | M Age | SD | Language | Cronbach α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 319 | 85.3 | 41.34 | 14.23 | English | 0.83–0.93 |
Canada | 380 | 62.5 | 21.09 | 3.36 | English | 0.77–0.90 |
Israel | 475 | 58.1 | 30.59 | 11.80 | Hebrew | 0.79–0.89 |
Italy | 393 | 71.5 | 33.15 | 10.8 | Italian | 0.75–0.91 |
Japan | 263 | 81.1 | 18.84 | 1.08 | Japanese | 0.80–0.88 |
Netherland | 363 | 64.4 | 30.79 | 13.38 | Dutch | 0.80–0.89 |
Portugal | 764 | 78.5 | 27.93 | 11.20 | Portuguese | 0.81–0.91 |
Slovakia | 1326 | 68.2 | 29.61 | 12.06 | Slovak | 0.75–0.88 |
Switzerland | 230 | 71 | 38.92 | 14.34 | German | 0.80–0.92 |
Taiwan | 417 | 56.1 | 22.67 | 4.27 | Chinese | 0.85–0.90 |
UK 1 | 1570 | 82.5 | 28.47 | 10.65 | English | 0.86–0.93 |
UK 2 | 883 | 76.1 | 24.14 | 7.8 | English | 0.85–0.92 |
USA | 331 | 73.1 | 20.77 | 5.25 | English | 0.85–0.92 |
Australia Sample
Canada Sample
Netherlands Sample
Israel Sample
Italy Sample
Japan Sample
Portugal Sample
Slovakia Sample
Switzerland Sample
Taiwan Sample
United Kingdom Sample 1
United Kingdom Sample 2
USA Sample
Data Analysis
DIF/IS | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | (1,2,8) 4,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | (1,3,5,8) 6,7 | (1–5,9) 6,7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | (3,6–8) 6,7 | (2,3,6,7) 4,5 | (2–5,8,9) 6,7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | (1–4,6–8) 5,9 | (2–4,6–9) 1,5 | (1–6,8) 7,9 | (1–4,6,8) 5,7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | (1,2,5,6,8) 3,4 | (5,7) 2,3 | (1–3,5,6) 7,8 | (3–8) 1,2 | (2,4–6) 7,8 | (1–9) 4,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | (1,2,6–9) 3,4 | (2,3,7–9) 4,5 | (1,4–6,9) 7,8 | (2–9) 1,2 | (2,6) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (2,4,5,8,9) 6,7 | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | (1–3,6,8,9) 4,5 | (1–3,9) 4,5 | (1,2,4–8) 3,9 | (1–8) 8,9 | (2–4,6–9) 1,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (2–4,7–9) 1,6 | (1–3,7–9) 4,5 | – | – | – | – |
TWN | (1–9) 4,5 | (3–7,9) 1,2 | (2,4,5,7–9) 3,6 | (3–5,7,9) 6,8 | (2,4,5,8,9) 6,7 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–2,4–9) 3,4 | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | None 4,5 | (1–3,8,9) 4,5 | (1,3,5,8) 6,7 | (3,6–8) 4,5 | (1,2,4,6–8) 3,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–8) 8,9 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | – | – |
UK2 | (1,4,8) 6,7 | (1–4,6,8) 5,7 | (2–5,8) 6,7 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1,2,4,6) 3,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–3,6–8) 4,5 | (1–3,5–9) 4,5 | (1–9) 4,5 | (1–6,8,9) 7,8 | (1,2,4,5) 6,7 | – |
USA | (1,2,4,5,8) 6,7 | (4,5,8) 6,7 | (5–8) 3,4 | (5–8) 3,4 | (2,4,5–7,9) 1,8 | (1–9) 4,5 | (4,6,7) 2,3 | (2,4,5,7,9) 6,8 | (2–5,8–9) 6,7 | (1–6,8,9) 7,8 | (1,2,4,5) 6,7 | (1,2,5) 3,4 |
DIF/RE | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | (2) 4,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | (2,5–7) 1,3 | (3–5,7,8) 1,2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | (1–3,6) 4,5 | (1,3,6,7) 4,5 | (2,3,5,7) 4,6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | (2–7) 1,8 | (3–7) 1,8 | (3,4,8) 6,7 | (1,4,5,7) 6,8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | (1–8) 6,7 | (1–8) 6,7 | (1–8) 6,7 | (2,4,6,7) 5,8 | (3,4,6–8) 1,2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | (1–3,6,7) 4,5 | (1,3,5–7) 2,4 | (3,5,7,8) 2,6 | (1,3,6,7) 4,5 | (1,3–7) 2,8 | (1,3–8) 2,3 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | (2,4–7) 1,8 | (1,5–8) 3,4 | (1,4–6,8) 2,3 | (1,3–5,7) 6,8 | (1,3–5,7,8) 2,6 | (1–6) 7,8 | (1,3,5–7) 2,8 | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | (2,5,6) 4,7 | (1,2,5–8) 3,4 | (2,7) 4,5 | (1,3–6) 7,8 | (4,7,8) 5,6 | (2–4,7,8) 5,6 | (3,5,7,8) 4,6 | (1,2,4–7) 3,8 | – | – | – | – |
TWN | (2–7) 1,8 | (1–8) 3,4 | (3,5–6,8) 1,2 | (1,3––7) 2,8 | (3–8) 1,2 | (1,3–8) 2,3 | (1–4,6–7) 5,8 | (1,3,5,6) 2,4 | (1,3–7) 2,8 | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | (2,7) 4,5 | (7) 3,4 | (1,5–8) 3,4 | (1,3,6,7) 4,5 | (2–7) 1,8 | (1–4,6–8) 4,5 | (1–8) 4,5 | (1,2,4–7) 3,8 | (1–6) 7,8 | (1–8) 4,5 | – | – |
UK2 | (2,7) 4,5 | (7) 3,4 | (5,7,8) 3,4 | (1,3,6) 4,5 | (3–7) 1,2 | (1–8) 4,5 | (1–3,6,7) 4,5 | (1,5–8) 2,3 | (1–2,5–8) 3,4 | (1,3–7) 2,8 | (6) 4,5 | – |
USA | (2,7) 4,5 | (5,7) 3,4 | (1,2,6,8) 3,4 | (1,3,6) 4,5 | (3–8) 1,2 | (1–4,6–8) 4,5 | (1,3,5–7) 2,8 | (3,5–8) 2,4 | (1–2,6,7) 4,5 | (1–8) 2,8 | (3,7) 4,5 | (3,7) 4,5 |
DIF/HS | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | None 3,4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | (1–5) 2,3 | (1–5) 2,3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | (4,5) 2,3 | (5) 3,4 | (1–5) 2,3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–3,5) 4,5 | (1,3–5) 2,3 | (1–5) 4,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | (1) 2,3 | (1,4) 2,3 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–5) 1,2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | (2,3,5) 1,4 | (2–5) 1,4 | (4,5) 2,3 | (3,4) 1,2 | (1,2,4) 3,5 | (2,4) 1,5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | (1–5) 4,5 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–5) 1,3 | (2–4) 1,5 | (1,4) 2,3 | (1–5) 4,5 | (2,4) 3,5 | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | (2,4) 3,5 | (1,4) 2,3 | (2–5) 1,2 | (1–5) 4,5 | (1–5) 2,3 | (1,4) 3,5 | (1–4) 4,5 | (1–5) 3,4 | – | – | – | – |
TWN | (3) 4,5 | (2,4) 1,5 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–5) 2,8 | (1–5) 4,5 | (1) 2,3 | (1–5) 4,5 | (1–5) 2,3 | (1,2,4) 3,5 | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | (5) 2,3 | None 3,4 | (1–5) 3,4 | (5) 2,3 | (1–3,5) 4,5 | (1–5) 2,3 | (1,2) 4,5 | (1–5) 4,5 | (1–5) 1,2 | (1–5) 4,5 | – | – |
UK2 | None 4,5 | (2,4) 1,3 | (1–5) 2,3 | (4,5) 2,3 | (1–5) 2,3 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1,2) 3,4 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1–4) 2,5 | (1–5) 4,5 | (2,4,5) 1,3 | – |
USA | None 2,3 | (2,4) 3,5 | (1–5) 2,3 | (4,5) 1,3 | (1–5) 3,4 | (1,2) 3,5 | (2,3,5) 1,4 | (1,2) 4,5 | (1,4) 2,3 | None 2,3 | (2–5) 1,2 | None 2,3 |
sDTF | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | − 0.19 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | − 0.41* | − 0.55** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | − 0.31** | − 0.22 ns | 0.67*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | − 0.21 ns | 0.02 ns | − 0.27 ns | 0.61*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | 0.18 ns | 0.43* | − 0.43 ns | 0.74** | 0.54** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | − 0.16 ns | 0.26 ns | − 0.07 ns | 0.51** | 0.07 ns | 0.52* | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | 0.21 ns | 0.22* | 0.04 ns | − 0.45*** | 0.20 ns | − 0.44* | 0.20 ns | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | − 0.09 ns | 0.11 ns | − 0.01 ns | − 0.70*** | − 0.10 ns | − 0.70** | − 0.23 ns | − 0.12 ns | – | – | – | – |
TWN | 0.20 ns | − 1.00*** | − 1.36*** | − 0.90*** | − 0.54** | 0.02 ns | 0.53** | 0.33** | − 0.53** | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | − 0.13 ns | 0.07 ns | 0.29 ns | 0.30** | − 0.19 ns | − 0.55* | − 0.89*** | − 0.16 ns | − 0.05 ns | − 0.67*** | – | – |
UK2 | − 0.21 ns | − 0.16 ns | 0.22 ns | − 0.14 ns | − 0.25* | − 1.66*** | − 0.75*** | − 0.62*** | − 0.51*** | 0.02 ns | − 0.06 ns | – |
USA | 0.13 ns | 0.09 ns | 0.57** | − 0.67*** | − 0.17 ns | − 1.34*** | 0.13 ns | − 0.19 ns | − 0.13 ns | 0.44* | 0.21 ns | − 0.06 ns |
sDTF | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | − 0.19 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | 0.19 ns | 0.90*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | − 0.19 ns | 0.13 ns | 0.13 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | 0.14 ns | 0.13 ns | 0.13 ns | 0.19 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | − 0.03 ns | − 0.15 ns | 0.28 ns | − 0.23 ns | 1.37*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | − 0.11 ns | − 0.28 ns | 0.49 ns | 0.07 ns | 0.53* | 0.85*** | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | − 0.14 ns | 0.09 ns | 0.49*** | 0.09 ns | 0.19 ns | 0.14 ns | − 0.11 ns | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | − 0.19 ns | − 0.18 ns | 0.26 ns | − 0.20 ns | 0.23 ns | − 0.36* | 0.13 ns | − 0.14 ns | – | – | – | – |
TWN | 0.02 ns | − 0.12 ns | − 0.11 ns | − 0.01 ns | 0.36* | 0.46** | − 0.06 ns | 0.06 ns | 0.07 ns | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | − 0.08 ns | − 0.02 ns | − 0.37*** | 0.02 ns | − 0.54*** | 0.54*** | 0.05 ns | 0.08 ns | 0.62*** | − 0.35** | – | – |
UK2 | − 0.09 ns | − 0.10 ns | − 0.33*** | − 0.01 ns | − 0.32 ns | 0.58*** | 0.05 ns | − 0.12 ns | 0.09 ns | 0.05 ns | − 0.01 ns | – |
USA | 0.01 ns | 0.28 ns | 0.01 ns | 0.09 ns | − 0.29 ns | 0.68*** | 0.14 ns | − 0.20 ns | 0.43** | 0.08 ns | 0.09 ns | 0.10 ns |
sDTF | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | − 0.14 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | − 0.26 ns | 1.09*** | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR | − 0.05 ns | − 0.05 ns | − 0.15 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | − 0.15 ns | 0.06 ns | − 0.09 ns | − 0.22 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP | 0.11 ns | − 0.12 ns | 0.45* | 0.17 ns | 0.11 ns | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | − 0.17 ns | − 0.08 ns | − 0.28 ns | − 0.28 ns | − 0.18 ns | − 0.25* | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | 0.21 ns | 0.45* | − 0.40*** | − 0.34** | − 0.10 ns | − 0.06 ns | 0.03 ns | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | − 0.38*** | − 0.44** | − 0.70*** | 0.19 ns | 0.16 ns | − 0.49*** | 0.19 ns | − 0.12 ns | – | – | – | – |
TWN | − 0.01 ns | − 0.18 ns | − 0.56*** | 0.11 ns | 0.29 ns | − 0.37*** | − 0.07 ns | 0.13 ns | 0.09 ns | – |
–
| – |
UK1 | 0.07 ns | 0.19 ns | − 0.32* | 0.10 ns | 0.16 ns | − 0.05 ns | − 0.08 ns | − 0.18 ns | 0.06 ns | − 0.10 ns | – | – |
UK2 | 0.06 ns | − 0.01 ns | 0.14 ns | − 0.07 ns | 0.11 ns | − 0.01 ns | − 0.10 ns | − 0.14 ns | − 0.16 ns | − 0.03 ns | 0.03 ns | – |
USA | − 0.14 ns | − 0.20 ns | 0.16 ns | − 0.12 ns | 0.15 ns | − 0.07 ns | 0.26 ns | − 0.24 ns | 0.06 ns | 0.02 ns | − 0.01 ns | 0.03 ns |
Results
Mean diff | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN |
0.202 (0.056, 0.348)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
–
|
ISR | – |
− 0.771 (− 0.929, − 0.613)
|
–
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | − 0.040 (− 0.182, 0.103) |
− 0.329 (− 0.478, − 0.181)
|
0.390 (0.209, 0.572)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP |
0.905 (0.737, 1.073)
|
–
|
0.809 (0.615, 1.003)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL |
− 0.159 (− 0.298, − 0.020)
|
− 0.421 (− 0.565, − 0.277)
|
− 0.425 (− 0.591, − 0.260)
|
–
| 0.127 (− 0.035, 0.290) |
–
| – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR |
− 0.304 (− 0.436, − 0.172)
|
–
|
0.675 (0.506, 0.844)
| – |
− 0.305 (− 0.437, − 0.173)
|
–
|
− 0.221 (− 0.362, − 0.081)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
SVK | 0.091 (− 0.032, 0.214) |
− 0.157 (− 0.276, − 0.039)
|
0.210 (0.037, 0.383)
| – |
0.223 (0.104, 0.342)
|
–
|
0.314 (0.185, 0.442)
|
0.473 (0.379, 0.568)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
TWN |
0.333 (0.200, 0.466)
|
–
| – | – | – |
− 0.821 (− 0.996, − 0.647)
| – | – | – | – | – | – |
UK1 |
0.228 (0.101, 0.355)
| 0.022 (− 0.101, 0.145) | − 0.003 (− 0.150, 0.145) | – |
0.324 (0.198, 0.450)
|
–
| – |
0.648 (0.544, 0.752)
|
0.183 (0.091, 0.275)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
UK2 |
0.220 (0.090, 0.350)
| − 0.006 (− 0.133, 0.120) | − 0.017 (− 0.168, 0.133) |
0.750 (0.623, 0.878)
| – |
–
| – | – | – |
− 0.250 (− 0.401, − 0.098)
| − 0.013 (− 0.091, 0.065) | – |
USA | − 0.034 (− 0.184, 0.116) |
− 0.284 (− 0.442, − 0.127)
|
–
| – | 0.031 (− 0.128, 0.190) |
–
| 0.151 (− 0.023, 0,326) |
0.334 (0.193, 0.474)
|
− 0.156 (− 0.299, 0.013)
|
–
|
− 0.258 (− 0.368, − 0.148)
|
− 0.287 (− 0.421, − 0.152)
|
Mean diff | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | 0.144 (− 0.003, 0.290) |
–
|
–
| _ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH |
− 0.397 (− 0.579, − 0.215)
| – | – | _ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR |
0.344 (0.190, 0.497)
|
0.242 (0.084, 0.400)
|
0.747 (0.566, 0.927)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | 0.061 (− 0.082, 0.203) | − 0.134 (− 0.280, 0.012) |
0.421 (0.259, 0.583)
|
− 0.335 (− 0.464, − 0.206)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP |
− 0.517 (− 0.676, − 0.358)
|
− 0.811 (− 0.987, − 0.635)
| 0.086 (− 0.143, 0.315) |
− 0.889 (− 1.042, − 0.737)
|
–
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL |
0.261 (0.116, 0.405)
| 0.138 (− 0.010, 0.285) |
0.655 (0.483, 0.827)
| − 0.115 (− 0.243, 0.014) |
–
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
POR | 0.092 (− 0.040, 0,223) | − 0.074 (− 0.205, 0.058) |
–
|
− 0.284 (− 0.401, − 0.167)
| 0.056 (− 0.079, 0.190) |
0.748 (0.577, 0.920)
|
− 0.252 (− 0.396, − 0.109)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
SVK | 0.119 (− 0.007, 0.245) | − 0.030 (− 0.152, 0.091) |
0.504 (0.352, 0.656)
|
− 0.248 (− 0.356, − 0.140)
| 0.123 (− 0.001, 0.247) | – |
− 0.200 (− 0.330. − 0.069)
| 0.054 (− 0.041, 0.148) |
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
TWN |
0.147 (0.013, 0.281)
| − 0.005 (− 0.138, 0.128) |
0.508 (0.351, 0.666)
|
− 0.265 (− 0.384, − 0.146)
| – | – |
− 0.200 (− 0.343, − 0.056)
| 0.059 (− 0.049, 0.167) | 0.005 (− 0.097, 0.107) | – | – | – |
UK1 |
− 0.188 (− 0.314, − 0.062)
|
− 0.399 (− 0.525, − 0.273)
|
–
|
− 0.546 (− 0.661, − 0.432)
| – | – |
− 0.604 (− 0.744, − 0.464)
|
− 0.360 (− 0.458, − 0.261)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
UK2 | 0.079 (− 0.049, 0.208) | − 0.072 (− 0.198, 0.053) |
–
|
− 0.264 (− 0.376, − 0.151)
| 0.070 (− 0.060, 0.200) | – |
− 0.225 (− 0.361, − 0.089)
| 0.011 (− 0.091, 0.112) | − 0.033 (− 0.125, 0.059) | − 0.049 (− 0.188, 0.090) |
− 0.289 (− 0.368, − 0.210)
|
–
|
USA | − 0.094 (− 0.252, 0.065) |
0.299 (0.129, 0.470)
|
0.296 (0.123, 0.470)
|
− 0.463 (− 0.615, − 0.311)
|
− 0.198 (− 0.379, − 0.018)
| – |
− 0.525 (− 0.720, − 0.330)
|
− 0.218 (− 0.370, − 0.066)
|
–
|
0.386 (0.181, 0.592)
| 0.093 (− 0.032, 0.218) |
0.244 (0.088, 0.401)
|
Mean diff | AUS | CAN | CH | ISR | ITA | JAP | NDL | POR | SVK | TWN | UK1 | UK2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN | 0.029 (− 0.142, 0.201) |
–
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CH |
0.390 (0.202, 0.577)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ISR |
− 0.804 (− 1.053, − 0.556)
|
− 0.921 (− 1.184, − 0.658)
|
1.038 (0.864, 1.212)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
ITA | 0.003 (− 0.165, 0.172) | − 0.049 (− 0.219, 0.121) |
0.470 (0.269, 0.672)
|
0.714 (0.570, 0.858)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
JAP |
1.425 (1.216, 1.634)
|
1.615 (1.392, 1.837)
| – |
1.977 (1.750, 2.203)
|
1.838 (1.606, 2.069)
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NDL | − 0.174 (− 0.363, 0.016) |
− 0.230 (− 0.427,− 0.033)
|
0.541 (0.357, 0.724)
|
0.556 (0.398, 0.714)
|
− 0.205 (− 0.417, − 0.007)
| – |
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
POR |
− 0.304 (− 0.478, − 0.130)
| – | – | – |
− 0.445 (− 0.633, − 0.258)
|
− 2.392 (− 2.742, − 2.042)
| − 0.130 (− 0.292, 0.032) | – | – | – | – | – |
SVK | – | – |
–
|
1.079 (0.947, 1.212)
|
0.637 (0.497, 0.778)
| – |
0.685 (0.550, 0.820)
|
0.878 (0.770, 0.986)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
TWN |
0.665 (0.516, 0.814)
|
0.736 (0.588, 0.883)
|
–
|
1.293 (1.139, 1.447)
|
0.999 (0.835, 1.164)
| – |
0.919 (0.765, 1.074)
|
1.144 (1.014, 1.274)
|
0.389 (0.275, 0.502)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
UK1 | 0.081 (− 0.067, 0.230) | 0.062 (− 0.083, 0.208) |
–
|
0.750 (0.620, 0.880)
| 0.090 (− 0.061, 0.241) |
− 1.656 (− 1.909, − 1.403)
|
0.244 (0.101, 0.388)
|
0.419 (0.301, 0.537)
|
− 0.495 (− 0.619, − 0.371)
|
− 0.863 (− 1.042, − 0.684)
|
–
|
–
|
UK2 | 0.027 (− 0.131, 0.185) | 0.004 (− 0.154, 0.162) |
− 0.366 (− 0.563, − 0.170)
|
0.715 (0.576, 0.854)
| 0.027 (− 0.140, 0.194) |
− 1.799 (− 2.074, − 1.524)
|
0.206 (0.052, 0.361)
|
0.366 (0.232, 0.499)
|
− 0.592 (− 0.740, − 0.445)
|
− 0.951 (− 1.151, − 0.752)
| − 0.044 (− 0.137, 0.049) | – |
USA | 0.134 (− 0.045, 0.314) | 0.122 (− 0.063, 0.306) | 0.097 (− 0.039, 0.232) |
0.806 (0.645, 0.967)
|
0.205 (0.001, 0.405)
|
− 1.740 (− 2.034, − 1.445)
|
0.340 (0.159, 0.521)
|
0.503 (0.335, 0.672)
|
− 0.440 (− 0.637, − 0.242)
|
− 0.793 (− 1.021, − 0.565)
| 0.044 (− 0.074, 0.163) | 0.097 (− 0.039, 0.232) |
Inadequate self | Reassured self | Hated self | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Latent mean | SD | Country | Latent mean | SD | Country | Latent mean | SD |
JAP | 0.956 | 0.808 | JAP | − 0.581 | 0.943 | JAP | 1.574 | 1.123 |
TAI | 0.302 | 0.801 | CH | − 0.514 | 1.284 | TAI | 0.439 | 0.967 |
CH | 0.145 | 1.126 | UK1 | − 0.254 | 1.116 | CH | 0.234 | 1.107 |
CAN | 0.139 | 1.054 | USA | − 0.186 | 1.128 | SVK | 0.216 | 0.956 |
UK1 | 0.112 | 1.160 | AUS | − 0.055 | 1.175 | UK1 | 0.016 | 1.276 |
UK2 | 0.110 | 1.065 | ITA | 0.028 | 0.927 | USA | − 0.036 | 1.112 |
SVK | − 0.023 | 0.951 | POR | 0.082 | 1.003 | UK2 | − 0.044 | 1.195 |
AUS | − 0.151 | 1.179 | UK2 | 0.101 | 0.929 | AUS | − 0.165 | 1.060 |
USA | − 0.165 | 1.052 | SVK | 0.136 | 0.922 | ITA | − 0.199 | 0.881 |
ITA | − 0.225 | 0.999 | CAN | 0.164 | 0.979 | CAN | − 0.207 | 0.918 |
NL | − 0.312 | 0.909 | TAI | 0.197 | 0.782 | NL | − 0.306 | 0.925 |
POR | − 0.489 | 0.987 | NL | 0.292 | 0.882 | POR | − 0.406 | 0.863 |
ISR | − 0.648 | 0.997 | ISR | 0.351 | 1.040 | ISR | − 0.620 | 0.750 |