Top

Gepubliceerd in:

12-05-2022 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Impact of Social Anxiety and Type of Stressor on Levels of Self-compassion

Auteurs: Leah J. Brassard, Nancy L. Kocovski

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 6/2022

Abstract

Self-compassion involves showing kindness and understanding to the self during times of stress. Individuals with social anxiety have been shown to exhibit lower levels of self-compassion than the general population.

Objectives

The present pair of studies examined levels of self-compassion for different types of stress. Across both studies, individuals with elevated social anxiety were hypothesised to display the lowest levels of self-compassion in times of social judgement.

Methods

In Study 1 (N = 160), self-compassionate responding was assessed after randomly assigning participants to recall a time in their lives when they were socially judged, physically ill, or experiencing symptoms of burnout. Study 2 (N = 230) was a replication of Study1, but potential mediation models for differences in self-compassionate responding were also explored.

Results

For Study 1, there was a significant interaction such that individuals high in social anxiety had lower levels of self-compassion in times of social judgement, whereas those low in social anxiety displayed the lowest levels of self-compassion in times of burnout. For Study 2, individuals in the physical illness condition displayed the greatest self-compassion, and those in the burnout condition displayed the least self-compassion, regardless of social anxiety level. Self-blame was found to mediate the relationship between condition and self-compassion, such that those in the physical illness condition reported less self-blame, which was associated with greater self-compassion.

Conclusions

This research provides initial support for the possibility that self-compassion can depend on the domain of stress an individual encounters. Self-blame may be one reason for differences in self-compassion across different domains of stress.

vorige artikel The Role of Likeability in Discriminating Between Kindness and Compassion

volgende artikel Characterizing Nature Videos for an Attention Placebo Control for MBSR: The Development of Nature-Based Stress Reduction (NBSR)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Arch, J. J., Landy, L. N., Schneider, R. L., Koban, L., & Andrews-Hanna, J. (2018). Self-compassion induction enhances recovery from social stressors: Comparing adults with social anxiety disorder and healthy controls. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 31(5), 594–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1504033CrossRefPubMed

Beaumont, E., Durkin, M., Hollins Martin, C. J., & Carson, J. (2016). Measuring relationships between self-compassion, compassion fatigue, burnout and well-being in student counsellors and student cognitive behavioral psychotherapists: A quantitative survey. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12054

Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2018a). Examining the relationships among self-compassion, social anxiety, and post-event processing. Psychological Reports, 121(4), 669–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117740138

Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2018b). Forgive and let go: Effect of self-compassion on post-event processing in social anxiety. Mindfulness, 9(2), 654–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0808-9

Blackie, R. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2017). Development and validation of the trait and state versions of the post-event processing inventory. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 30(2), 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1230668CrossRef

Cody, M. W., & Teachman, B. A. (2010). Post-event processing and memory bias for performance feedback in social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(5), 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.03.003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Foa, E., & Weisler, R. H. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry , 176, 379–386.

Conway, V. J., & Terry, D. J. (1992). Appraised controllability as a moderator of the effectiveness of different coping strategies: A test of the goodness of fit hypothesis. Australian Journal of Psychology, 44, 1–7.CrossRef

Daig, I., Herschbach, P., Lehmann, A., Knoll, N., & Decker, O. (2009). Gender and age differences in domain-specific life satisfaction and the impact of depressive and anxiety symptoms: A general population survey from Germany. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 18(6), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9481-3CrossRef

Gentile, B., Grabe, S., Dolan-Pascoe, B., Twenge, J. M., Wells, B. E., & Maitino, A. (2009). Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013689CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000). Sensitivity to social put-down: Its relationship to perceptions of social rank, shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self-other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(4), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00230-5CrossRef

Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511CrossRef

Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory, 12(4), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000115CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, P. (2017). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. In B. A. Gaudiano (Ed.), Mindfulness: Clinical applications of mindfulness and acceptance: Specific interventions for psychiatric, behavioural, and physical health conditions (Vol. 3; pp. 276–293). Routledge.

Harwood, E. M., & Kocovski, N. L. (2017). Self-compassion induction reduces anticipatory anxiety among socially anxious students. Mindfulness, 8(6), 1544–1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0721-2CrossRef

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1798–1809. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1798CrossRefPubMed

Lazarus, G., & Shahar, B. (2018). The role of shame and self-criticism in social anxiety: A daily-diary study in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 107–127.CrossRef

Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887CrossRefPubMed

Lefèvre, T., Singh-Manoux, A., Stringhini, S., Dugravot, A., Lemogne, C., Consoli, S. M., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., & Nabi, H. (2012). Usefulness of a single-item measure of depression to predict mortality: The GAZEL prospective cohort study. European Journal of Public Health, 22(5), 643–647. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr103CrossRefPubMed

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A., Jr. (1997). Discriminant and predictive validity of academic self-concept, academic self-efficacy, and mathematics-specific self-efficacy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(3), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.3.307CrossRef

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(4), 455–470.CrossRef

Montero-Marin, J., Zubiaga, F., Cereceda, M., Demarzo, M. M. P., Trenc, P., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2016). Burnout subtypes and absence of self-compassion in primary healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 11(6), 17.CrossRef

Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Interpretation bias in social anxiety as detected by event related brain potentials. Emotion, 8, 693–700.CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. CrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.xCrossRef

Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004CrossRef

Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021). The development and validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (long- and short form). Mindfulness, 12, 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4CrossRef

Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton-O’Creevy, M., & Willman, P. (2005). Personality and domain-specific risk taking. Journal of Risk Research, 8(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366987032000123856CrossRef

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569.CrossRef

Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201272002CrossRef

Rose, A. L., & Kocovski, N. L. (2020). The social self-compassion scale (SSCS): Development, validity, and associations with indices of well-being, distress, and social anxiety. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 2091–2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00302-3

Schonfeld, I., & S., & Bianchi, R. (2016). Burnout and depression: Two entities or one. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22229CrossRefPubMed

Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. (2008). On when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 181–198). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11624-011

Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, stress, and coping in the context of chronic illness. Self and Identity, 14(3), 334–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.996249CrossRef

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.

Tanner, B. A. (2012). Validity of global physical and emotional SUDS. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 37(1), 31–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-011-9174-xCrossRefPubMed

Terry, M. L., & Leary, M. R. (2011). Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self and Identity, 10(3), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.558404CrossRef

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063CrossRefPubMed

Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Self-compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 25(5), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.608842CrossRef

Wolpe, J. (1969). The practice of behavior therapy. Pergamon Press.

Zanobini, M., & Usai, M. C. (2002). Domain-specific self-concept and achievement motivation in the transition from primary to low middle school. Educational Psychology, 22(2), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410120115265CrossRef

Titel: Impact of Social Anxiety and Type of Stressor on Levels of Self-compassion
Auteurs: Leah J. Brassard
Nancy L. Kocovski
Publicatiedatum: 12-05-2022
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 6/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01901-y

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2022

Mindfulness and Depersonalization: a Nuanced Relationship

Transition Needs Compassion: a Thematic Analysis of an Online Compassion-Focused Therapy Group in a Gender Service

Meditators’ Non-academic Definition of Mindfulness

Contemplating Critique: Mindfulness Attenuates Self-Esteem and Self-Regulatory Impacts of Negative Feedback

Mindful Eating Questionnaire for Children: Validation and Reliability in Turkish Children

Deconstructing Self-Compassion: How the Continued Use of the Total Score of the Self-Compassion Scale Hinders Studying a Protective Construct Within the Context of Psychopathology and Stress