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Übersicht

Zur Wirkungsweise von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren in der Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen

Published Online:September 01, 2006https://doi.org/10.1026//0942-5403.8.1.3

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Eine Vielzahl risikoerhöhender Faktoren (Vulnerabilitäts- und Risikofaktoren) tragen zur Entstehung psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter bei. Dem gegenüber stehen risikomildernde Faktoren, die die Risiken “puffern” bzw. eine Widerstandsfähigkeit (Resilienz) fördern. In der klinischen Forschung herrscht Unklarheit über die genaue Abgrenzung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren, Vulnerabilität und Resilienz sowie über die Interaktion risikoerhöhender und -mildernder Faktoren. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden wesentliche Risikofaktoren für psychische Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie ein Flußdiagramm zur Bestimmung von Risikofaktoren vorgestellt. An empirischen Beispielen werden insbesondere Risikomechanismen erläutert. Ebenso werden Beispiele für Phasen erhöhter Vulnerabilität (z.B. Entwicklungsübergänge) und Beispiele für die Wirkung von Risikofaktoren in diesen kritischen Perioden gegeben. Davon abgegrenzt werden wesentliche Schutzfaktoren und Faktoren, die zu einer Widerstandsfähigkeit (Resilienz) gegenüber psychischen Störungen beitragen. Mögliche Wechselwirkungen zwischen risikoerhöhenden und risikomildernden Faktoren sowie Vorteile in der Untersuchung dieser Faktoren im Rahmen von Längsschnittstudien werden erläutert.


Effects of risk and protective factors in the development of children and adolescents

Abstract. There are multitudinous risk-enhancing factors (vulnerability and risk factors) that contribute to the development of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Opposed to these factors, other factors are buffering the risk or promoting resilience. There is a want of clearness in clinical research about the exact distinction of risk and protective factors, vulnerability and resilience just as about the interaction of risk enhancing and buffering factors. Essential risk factors of mental disorders in children and adolescents as well as a model that describes special kinds of risk factors are presented. Empirical examples for risk mechanisms, periods of enhanced vulnerability (e.g. developmental transitions), and examples for the effects of risk factors during these critical periods are given. Essential protective factors and factors contributing to resilience are described. Finally, possible interaction patterns of risk-enhancing and -moderating factors and advantages of longitudinal studies in the investigation of these factors and their interactions are mentioned.

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