Linda Hirsch
Christina Schneegass
Robin Welsch
Andreas Butz
Skip Abstract Section
Skip Supplemental Material SectionAbstract
People visit public places with different intentions and motivations. While some explore it carefully, others may just want to pass or are otherwise engaged. We investigate how to exploit the inattentional blindness (IB) of indirect users in the design of public interfaces to apply to such diverse needs. Beginning with a structured literature study in the ACM Digital Library on IB, we analyzed 135 publications to derive design strategies that benefit from IB or avoid IB. Using these findings, we selected three existing interfaces for information presentation on a large public square and created two additional interfaces ourselves. We then compared users' perceptions through a self-reported photography study (N = 40). Participants followed one of four scripted profiles to imitate different user intentions, two for direct and two for indirect users. We hypothesized that direct users would recognize the interfaces, while indirect users would experience IB and ignore them. Our results show that direct users reported up to 68% of our interfaces, whereas indirect users noticed only 16%. Thus, IB can be exploited to hide interfaces from indirect users while keeping them noticeable to direct users.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
zip
hirsch.zip (83.6 KB)
Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, To See or Not to See: Exploring Inattentional Blindness for the Design of Unobtrusive Interfaces in Shared Public Places
- Robert Albrecht, Riitta Väänänen, and Tapio Lokki. 2016. Guided by music: pedestrian and cyclist navigation with route and beacon guidance. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 20, 1 (2016), 121--145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-016-0906-zGoogle Scholar
Digital Library
- Florian Alt, Andreas Bulling, Lukas Mecke, and Daniel Buschek. 2016. Attention, please!: Comparing Features for Measuring Audience Attention Towards Pervasive Displays. In ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 823--828. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901897Google ScholarDigital Library
- Saskia Bakker. 2013. Design for peripheral interaction. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Industrial Design. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR754544Google Scholar
- Saskia Bakker, Doris Hausen, and Ted Selker. 2016. Introduction: Framing Peripheral Interaction. Springer, Chapter 1, 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29523-7_1Google Scholar
- Saskia Bakker, Elise Hoven, and Berry Eggen. 2015. Peripheral Interaction: Characteristics and Considerations. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 19, 1 (Jan. 2015), 239--254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0775-2Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ashweeni Kumar Beeharee, Adrian J West, and Roger Hubbold. 2003. Visual attention based information culling for distributed virtual environments. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology. 213--222. https://doi.org/10.1145/1008653.1008691Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yoav Benjamini and Yosef Hochberg. 1995. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 57, 1 (1995), 289--300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2346101Google ScholarCross Ref
- Emily Bennett and Brett Stevens. 2006. The effect that the visual and haptic problems associated with touching a projection augmented model have on object-presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 4 (2006), 419--437. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.15.4.419Google ScholarDigital Library
- Matthias Bernhard, Efstathios Stavrakis, and Michael Wimmer. 2010. An empirical pipeline to derive gaze prediction heuristics for 3D action games. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 8, 1 (2010), 1--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/1857893.1857897Google ScholarDigital Library
- Maximino Bessa, António Coelho, and Alan Chalmers. 2004. Alternate feature location for rapid navigation using a 3D map on a mobile device. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Mobile and ubiquitous multimedia. 5--9. https://doi.org/10.1145/1052380.1052382Google ScholarDigital Library
- Connie A Blok. 2005. Interactive animation to visually explore time series of satellite imagery. In International Conference on Advances in Visual Information Systems. Springer, 71--82. https://doi.org/10.1007/11590064_7Google Scholar
- Thomas Booth, Srinivas Sridharan, Ann McNamara, Cindy Grimm, and Reynold Bailey. 2013. Guiding Attention in Controlled Real-World Environments. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (SAP '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 75--82. https://doi.org/10.1145/2492494.2492508Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tibor Bosse, Peter-Paul van Maanen, and Jan Treur. 2006. A cognitive model for visual attention and its application. In 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology. IEEE, 255--262. https://doi.org/10.1109/IAT.2006.2Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tim Bradley, Kurt Debattista, Thomas Bashford-Rogers, Carlo Harvey, Efstratios Doukakis, and Alan Chalmers. 2016. Selective BRDFs for High Fidelity Rendering. 57--64. https://doi.org/10.2312/cgvc.20161297Google Scholar
- Michael Braun, Anja Mainz, Ronee Chadowitz, Bastian Pfleging, and Florian Alt. 2019. At your service: Designing voice assistant personalities to improve automotive user interfaces. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--11.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bruce Bridgeman. 1986. Relations between the physiology of attention and the physiology of consciousness. Psychol. Res 48 (1986), 259--266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00309090Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dirk Börner, Marco Kalz, and Marcus Specht. 2014. Lead me gently: Facilitating knowledge gain through attention-aware ambient learning displays. Computers & Education 78 (05 2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.04.017Google Scholar
- John L Campbell, Charles Quincy, Jordan Osserman, and Ove K Pedersen. 2013. Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research 42, 3 (2013), 294--320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124113500475Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amber Case. 2015. Calm Technology. O'Reilly Media, Inc.Google Scholar
- Kirsten Cater, Alan Chalmers, and Patrick Ledda. 2002. Selective quality rendering by exploiting human inattentional blindness: looking but not seeing. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology. 17--24. https://doi.org/10.1145/585740.585744Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kirsten Cater, Alan Chalmers, and Greg Ward. 2003. Detail to attention: exploiting visual tasks for selective rendering. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Vol. 44. 270--280. https://doi.org/10.2312/EGWR/EGWR03/270-280Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alan Chalmers and Kirsten Cater. 2002. Realistic rendering in real-time. In European Conference on Parallel Processing. Springer, 21--28. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45706-2_2Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alan Chalmers, Kirsten Cater, and David Maflioli. 2003. Visual attention models for producing high fidelity graphics efficiently. In Proceedings of the 19th spring conference on Computer graphics. 39--45. https://doi.org/10.1145/984952.984960Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alan Chalmers, Kurt Debattista, Veronica Sundstedt, Peter William Longhurst, and Richard Gillibrand. 2006. Rendering on Demand.. In EGPGV. 9--17. https://doi.org/10.2312/EGPGV/EGPGV06/009-017Google Scholar
- Dempsey Chang, Laurence Dooley, and Juhani Tuovinen. 2002. Gestalt Theory in Visual Screen Design - A New Look at an Old Subject. Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Computers in Education: Australian Topics, Volume 8 (08 2002).Google Scholar
- Steven Yantis Charles E. Connor, Howard E. Egeth. 2004. Visual Attention: Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down. Current Biology 14 (2004), R850-R852. Issue 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.041Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peter Dalsgaard and Kim Halskov. 2010. Designing Urban Media FaçAdes: Cases and Challenges. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2277--2286. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753670Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nigel Davies, Sarah Clinch, and Florian Alt. 2014. Pervasive displays: understanding the future of digital signage. Synthesis Lectures on Mobile and Pervasive Computing 8, 1 (2014), 1--128.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thomas Davies and Ashweeni Beeharee. 2012. The case of the missed icon: change blindness on mobile devices. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1451--1460. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208606Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kurt Debattista, Alan Chalmers, Richard Gillibrand, P Longhurst, Georgia Mastoropoulou, and Veronica Sundstedt. 2007. Parallel selective rendering of high-fidelity virtual environments. Parallel Comput. 33, 6 (2007), 361--376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2007.04.002Google ScholarDigital Library
- Anshuman Dhar. 2019. ReTreeve: A System Which Analyzes and Recommends Ways to Optimise Attention. In Proceedings of the 10th Indian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IndiaHCI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 14, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3364183.3364199Google ScholarDigital Library
- Priyesh N Dixit and G Michael Youngblood. 2008. Understanding information observation in interactive 3D environments. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Video games. 163--170. https://doi.org/10.1145/1401843.1401874Google ScholarDigital Library
- David R. Dodman. 2003. Shooting in the City: An Autophotographic Exploration of the Urban Environment in Kingston, Jamaica. Area 35, 3 (2003), 293--304. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20004323Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mohamed Elhelw, Marios Nicolaou, Adrian Chung, Guang-Zhong Yang, and M Stella Atkins. 2008. A gaze-based study for investigating the perception of visual realism in simulated scenes. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 5, 1 (2008), 1--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/1279640.1279643Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gavin Ellis and Alan Chalmers. 2006. The effect of translational ego-motion on the perception of high fidelity animations. In Proceedings of the 22nd Spring Conference on Computer Graphics. 75--82. https://doi.org/10.1145/2602161.2602170Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jan-Patrick Elsholz, Guido de Melo, Marc Hermann, and Michael Weber. 2009. Designing an extensible architecture for Personalized Ambient Information. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 5, 5 (2009), 592--605.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yuming Fang, Weisi Lin, Chiew Tong Lau, and Bu-Sung Lee. 2011. A visual attention model combining top-down and bottom-up mechanisms for salient object detection. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 1293--1296.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Klaus-Tycho Foerster, Alex Gross, Nino Hail, Jara Uitto, and Roger Wattenhofer. 2014. Spareeye: enhancing the safety of inattentionally blind smartphone users. In Proceedings of the 13th international conference on mobile and ubiquitous multimedia. 68--72. https://doi.org/10.1145/2677972.2677973Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pablo Fontoura, Jean-Marie Schaeffer, and Michel Menu. 2019. The Vision and Interpretation of Paintings: Bottom-up Visual Processes, Top-down Culturally Informed Attention, and Aesthetic Experience. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 51, 3 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3314111.3322870Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marcus Foth and Glenda Amayo Caldwell. 2018. More-than-Human Media Architecture. In Proceedings of the 4th Media Architecture Biennale Conference (MAB18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 66--75. https://doi.org/10.1145/3284389.3284495Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tom Foulsham and Alan Kingstone. 2012. Goal-Driven and Bottom-up Gaze in an Active Real-World Search Task. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA '12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 189--192. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168590Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jérémy Frey, Maxime Daniel, Julien Castet, Martin Hachet, and Fabien Lotte. 2016. Framework for electroencephalography-based evaluation of user experience. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2283--2294. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858525Google ScholarDigital Library
- Helene Gelderblom and Leanne Menge. 2018. The invisible gorilla revisited: using eye tracking to investigate inattentional blindness in interface design. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces. 1--9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3206505.3206550Google ScholarDigital Library
- Miriam Gil, Pau Giner, and Vicente Pelechano. 2012. Personalization for Unobtrusive Service Interaction. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 16, 5 (June 2012), 543--561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0414-0Google ScholarDigital Library
- Erdan Gu, Catherine Stocker, and Norman I Badler. 2005. Do you see what eyes see? Implementing inattentional blindness. In International Workshop on Intelligent Virtual Agents. Springer, 178--190. https://doi.org/10.1007/11550617_16Google ScholarDigital Library
- Aiko Hagiwara, Akihiro Sugimoto, and Kazuhiko Kawamoto. 2011. Saliency-Based Image Editing for Guiding Visual Attention. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Pervasive Eye Tracking & Mobile Eye-Based Interaction (PETMEI '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 43--48. https://doi.org/10.1145/2029956.2029968Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jonna Häkkilä and Ashley Colley. 2016. Graveyards as a Design Context for Unobtrusive Interaction. In Proceedings of the NatureCHI Workshop at CHI.Google Scholar
- Jonna Häkkilä, Meri-Tuulia Forsman, and Ashley Colley. 2018. Navigating the Graveyard: Designing Technology for Deathscapes. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM 2018). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 199--204. https://doi.org/10.1145/3282894.3282912Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sandra G. Hart. 2006. Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 Years Later. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, 9 (2006), 904--908. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120605000909Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jasminka Hasic and Alan Chalmers. 2009. Saliency in motion: selective rendering of dynamic virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 25th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics. 173--180. https://doi.org/10.1145/1980462.1980496Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jasminka Hasic, Alan Chalmers, Kurt Debattistta, and Georgia Mastoropoulou. 2007. Movement bias in visual attention for perceptually-guided selective rendering of animations. In Proceedings of the 23rd Spring Conference on Computer Graphics. 37--42. https://doi.org/10.1145/2614348.2614354Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jasminka Hasic, Alan Chalmers, and Elena Sikudova. 2010. Perceptually guided high-fidelity rendering exploiting movement bias in visual attention. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 8, 1 (2010), 6--1. https://doi.org/10.1145/1857893.1857899Google ScholarDigital Library
- John M. Henderson. 2007. Regarding Scenes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, 4 (2007), 219--222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00507.xGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- John M. Henderson, Taylor Hayes, Candace E. Peacock, and Gwendolyn Rehrig. 2019. Meaning and Attentional Guidance in Scenes: A Review of the Meaning Map Approach. Vision 3 (05 2019). Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020019Google Scholar
- Juan David Hincapié-Ramos, Stephen Voida, and Gloria Mark. 2011. A design space analysis of availability-sharing systems. In Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. 85--96. https://doi.org/10.1145/2047196.2047207Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ching-Yu Hsieh, Yi-Shyuan Chiang, Hung-Yu Chiu, and Yung-Ju Chang. 2020. Bridging the Virtual and Real Worlds: A Preliminary Study of Messaging Notifications in Virtual Reality (CHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376228Google Scholar
- Yu-Chun Huang, Kuan-Ying Wu, and Yu-Tung Liu. 2013. Future Home Design: An Emotional Communication Channel Approach to Smart Space. Personal Ubiquitous Comput. 17, 6 (2013), 1281--1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-012-0635-xGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Vedad Hulusić, Gabriela Czanner, Kurt Debattista, Elena Sikudova, Piotr Dubla, and Alan Chalmers. 2009. Investigation of the beat rate effect on frame rate for animated content. In Proceedings of the 25th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics. 151--159.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vedad Hulusic, Kurt Debattista, and Alan Chalmers. 2013. Smoothness perception. The Visual Computer 29, 11 (2013), 1159--1172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00371-012-0760-6Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daichi Ito, Sohei Wakisaka, Atsushi Izumihara, Tomoya Yamaguchi, Atsushi Hiyama, and Masahiko Inami. 2019. EyeHacker: gaze-based automatic reality manipulation. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2019 Emerging Technologies. 1--2. https://doi.org/10.1145/3305367.3327988Google ScholarDigital Library
- John Jonides. 1981. Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye's movement. Attention and performance (1981), 187--203.Google Scholar
- Hyunjung Kim and Woohun Lee. 2009. Designing Unobtrusive Interfaces with Minimal Presence. In CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3673--3678. https://doi.org/10.1145/1520340.1520553Google Scholar
- Francisco Kiss and Albrecht Schmidt. 2019. Stressed by Design? The Problems of Transferring Interaction Design from Workstations to Mobile Interfaces. In Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth'19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 377--382. https://doi.org/10.1145/3329189.3329232Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sari Kujala and Marjo Kauppinen. 2004. Identifying and Selecting Users for User-Centered Design. In Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI '04). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 297--303. https://doi.org/10.1145/1028014.1028060Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kuno Kurzhals, Markus Höferlin, and Daniel Weiskopf. 2013. Evaluation of attention-guiding video visualization. In Computer graphics forum, Vol. 32. Wiley Online Library, 51--60.Google Scholar
- Jan Kučera, James Scott, and Nicholas Chen. 2017. Probing Calmness in Applications Using a Calm Display Prototype. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (UbiComp '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 965--969. https://doi.org/10.1145/3123024.3124564Google Scholar
- Maria Ledzińska and S&lstroke;awomir Postek. 2017. From metaphorical information overflow and overload to real stress: Theoretical background, empirical findings, and applications. European Management Journal 35, 6 (2017), 785--793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2017.07.002 Managing Overflows.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sukhan Lee, HyunKook Ahn, JooYun Han, and Yu-Bu Lee. 2013. Visual Attention with Contextual Saliencies of a Scene. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 91, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2448556.2448647Google ScholarDigital Library
- Larry Leifer. 2008. The Design of Implicit Interactions: Making Interactive Systems Less Obnoxious. Design Issues 24 (07 2008), 72--84. https://doi.org/10.1162/desi.2008.24.3.72Google Scholar
- Anna Lewandowska and Jaroslaw-Jankowski. 2017. The negative impact of visual web advertising content on cognitive process: towards quantitative evaluation. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 108 (2017), 41--49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.07.002Google ScholarDigital Library
- Peter Longhurst, Kurt Debattista, and Alan Chalmers. [n. d.]. A GPU based saliency map for high-fidelity selective rendering. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computer graphics, virtual reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa. 21--29. https://doi.org/10.1145/1108590.1108595Google Scholar
- Francisco Lopez, Ramon Molla, and Veronica Sundstedt. 2010. Exploring peripheral lod change detections during interactive gaming tasks. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. 73--80. https://doi.org/10.1145/1836248.1836262Google ScholarDigital Library
- Weiquan Lu, Dan Feng, Steven Feiner, Qi Zhao, and Henry Been-Lirn Duh. 2014. Evaluating subtle cueing in head-worn displays. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of Chinese CHI. 5--10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2592235.2592237Google ScholarDigital Library
- Arien Mack and Irvin Rock. 1998. Inattentional blindness: Perception without attention. Visual attention 8 (1998), 55--76.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mika V Mäntylä and Juha Itkonen. 2013. More testers-The effect of crowd size and time restriction in software testing. Information and Software Technology 55, 6 (2013), 986--1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2012.12.004Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mari-Carmen Marcos, Ferran Gavin, and Ioannis Arapakis. 2015. Effect of snippets on user experience in web search. In Proceedings of the XVI International Conference on Human Computer Interaction. 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2829875.2829916Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sebastian Marwecki, Andrew D Wilson, Eyal Ofek, Mar Gonzalez Franco, and Christian Holz. 2019. Mise-unseen: Using eye tracking to hide virtual reality scene changes in plain sight. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 777--789. https://doi.org/10.1145/3332165.3347919Google ScholarDigital Library
- Georgia Mastoropoulou, Kurt Debattista, Alan Chalmers, and Tom Troscianko. 2005. Auditory bias of visual attention for perceptually-guided selective rendering of animations. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia. 363--369. https://doi.org/10.1145/1101389.1101462Google ScholarDigital Library
- Victor. A. Mateescu and Ivan. V. Bajic. 2013. Guiding visual attention by manipulating orientation in images. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 1--6.Google Scholar
- Ann McNamara, Reynold Bailey, and Cindy Grimm. 2009. Search task performance using subtle gaze direction with the presence of distractions. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 6, 3 (2009), 1--19. https://doi.org/10.1145/1577755.1577760Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gonzalo Gabriel Méndez, Uta Hinrichs, and Miguel A. Nacenta. 2017. Bottom-up vs. Top-down: Trade-Offs in Efficiency, Understanding, Freedom and Creativity with InfoVis Tools. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 841--852. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025942Google Scholar
- Katharine Molloy, Timothy D. Griffiths, Maria Chait, and Nilli Lavie. 2015. Inattentional Deafness: Visual Load Leads to Time-Specific Suppression of Auditory Evoked Responses. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 49 (2015), 16046--16054. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2931-15.2015 arXiv:https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/49/16046.full.pdfGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Carlos Montemayor and Harry Haroutioun Haladjian. 2015. Consciousness, Attention, and Conscious Attention. The MIT Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17kk7j7Google Scholar
- Gemma Moore, Ben Croxford, Mags Adams, Mohamed Refaee, Trevor Cox, and Steve Sharples. 2008. The photo-survey research method: capturing life in the city. Visual Studies 23 (04 2008), 50--62. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860801908536Google Scholar
- Nicholaos Mourkoussis, Fiona M Rivera, Tom Troscianko, Tim Dixon, Rycharde Hawkes, and Katerina Mania. 2010. Quantifying fidelity for virtual environment simulations employing memory schema assumptions. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) 8, 1 (2010), 1--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/1857893.1857895Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sandra R Murillo, J Alfredo Sánchez, and Enrique Sánchez-Lara. 2015. Enhancing Interfaces for Network Security Administrators with Legacy Attributes. In Proceedings of the Latin American Conference on Human Computer Interaction. 1--8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2824893.2824896Google ScholarDigital Library
- Samuel A Neymotin, Kimberle M Jacobs, André A Fenton, and William W Lytton. 2011. Synaptic information transfer in computer models of neocortical columns. Journal of computational neuroscience 30, 1 (2011), 69--84.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Francisco Nunes, Maureen Kerwin, and Paula Alexandra Silva. 2012. Design recommendations for tv user interfaces for older adults: findings from the eCAALYX project. In Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility. 41--48. https://doi.org/10.1145/2384916.2384924Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andrew D Ouzts, Andrew T Duchowski, Toni Gomes, and Rupert A Hurley. 2012. On the conspicuity of 3-D fiducial markers in 2-D projected environments. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. 325--328. https://doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168627Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dorothe Poggel, Hans Strasburger, and Manfred Mackeben. 2007. Cueing Attention by Relative Motion in the Periphery of the Visual Field. Perception 36 (02 2007), 955--70. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5752Google Scholar
- Edwina Portocarrero, Gershon Dublon, Joseph Paradiso, and V Michael Bove Jr. 2015. ListenTree: Audio-Haptic Display In The Natural Environment. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 395--398. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2725437Google ScholarDigital Library
- Belma Ramic-Brkic, Alan Chalmers, Aida Sadzak, Kurt Debattista, and Saida Sultanic. 2013. Exploring multiple modalities for selective rendering of virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 29th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics. 91--98. https://doi.org/10.1145/2508244.2508256Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dana Raveh and Nilli Lavie. 2014. Load-induced inattentional deafness. Attention, perception & psychophysics 77 (10 2014). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0776-2Google Scholar
- Daniel J Rea, Stela H Seo, Neil Bruce, and James E Young. 2017. Movers, Shakers, and Those Who Stand Still: Visual Attention-grabbing Techniques in Robot Teleoperation. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. 398--407. https://doi.org/10.1145/2909824.3020246Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patrick Renner and Thies Pfeiffer. 2017. Attention guiding techniques using peripheral vision and eye tracking for feedback in augmented-reality-based assistance systems. In 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). IEEE, Parramatta NSW Australia, 186--194. https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2017.7893338Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ronald Rensink, J. O'Regan, and James Clark. 1997. To See or not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes. Psychological Science 8 (09 1997), 368--373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00427.xGoogle Scholar
- Jukka Riekki, Pekka Isomursu, and Minna Isomursu. 2004. Evaluating the Calmness of Ubiquitous Applications. In Product Focused Software Process Improvement, Frank Bomarius and Hajimu Iida (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 105--119.Google Scholar
- Andreas Riener. 2012. Driver-Vehicle Confluence or How to Control Your Car in Future?. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 217--224. https://doi.org/10.1145/2390256.2390293Google ScholarDigital Library
- Simon Robinson, Gary Marsden, and Matt Jones. 2014. There's not an app for that: Mobile user experience design for life. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
- Wolff-Michael Roth and Alfredo Jornet. 2015. Situational awareness as an instructable and instructed matter in multi-media supported debriefing: A case study from aviation. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 24, 5 (2015), 461--508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-015-9234-5Google ScholarDigital Library
- Moti Salti, Asaf Harel, and Sébastien Marti. 2019. Review: Conscious Perception: Time for an Update? J. Cognitive Neuroscience 31, 1 (Jan. 2019), 1--7. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01343Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gerald J. Schmidt and Lena Rittger. 2017. Guiding Driver Visual Attention with LEDs. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 279--286. https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122994Google Scholar
- Ben Shneiderman and Anne Rose. 1996. Social Impact Statements: Engaging Public Participation in Information Technology Design. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Computers and the Quality of Life (CQL '96). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 90--96. https://doi.org/10.1145/238339.238378Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris. 1999. Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events. Perception 28 (02 1999), 1059--74. https://doi.org/10.1068/p2952Google Scholar
- Misha Sra, Abhinandan Jain, and Pattie Maes. 2019. Adding Proprioceptive Feedback to Virtual Reality Experiences Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300905Google ScholarDigital Library
- Misha Sra, Xuhai Xu, Aske Mottelson, and Pattie Maes. 2018. VMotion: Designing a Seamless Walking Experience in VR. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 59--70. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196792Google ScholarDigital Library
- Veronica Sundstedt and Alan Chalmers. 2006. Evaluation of Perceptually-Based Selective Rendering Techniques Using Eye-Movements Analysis. In Proceedings of the 22nd Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG '06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 153--160. https://doi.org/10.1145/2602161.2602179Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Sundstedt, K. Debattista, P. Longhurst, A. Chalmers, and T. Troscianko. 2005. Visual Attention for Efficient High-Fidelity Graphics. In Proceedings of the 21st Spring Conference on Computer Graphics (SCCG '05). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 169--175. https://doi.org/10.1145/1090122.1090150Google Scholar
- Alistair Sutcliffe and Abdallah Namoune. 2008. Getting the Message across: Visual Attention, Aesthetic Design and What Users Remember. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '08). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 11--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/1394445.1394447Google ScholarDigital Library
- Takeshi Takahashi, Youki Kadobayashi, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara. 2010. Ontological approach toward cybersecurity in cloud computing. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Security of information and networks. 100--109. https://doi.org/10.1145/1854099.1854121Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nađa Terzimehić, Renate Häuslschmid, Heinrich Hussmann, and MC Schraefel. 2019. A Review & Analysis of Mindfulness Research in HCI: Framing Current Lines of Research and Future Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300687Google Scholar
- Dilhan J. Thilakarathne. 2014. Modelling Dynamics of Cognitive Control in Action Formation with Intention, Attention, and Awareness. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT) - Volume 03 (WI-IAT '14). IEEE Computer Society, USA, 198--205. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI-IAT.2014.168Google ScholarDigital Library
- Antonio Torralba, Aude Oliva, Monica Castelhano, and John Henderson. 2006. Contextual Guidance of Eye Movements and Attention in Real-World Scenes: The Role of Global Features in Object Search. Psychological review 113 (11 2006), 766--86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.766Google Scholar
- Sergej Truschin, Michael Schermann, Suparna Goswami, and Helmut Krcmar. 2014. Designing interfaces for multiple-goal environments: Experimental insights from in-vehicle speech interfaces. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 21, 1 (2014), 1--24. https://doi.org/10.1145/2544066Google ScholarDigital Library
- Geoffrey Underwood, Louise Humphreys, and Eleanor Cross. 2007. Chapter 26. Congruency, saliency and gist in the inspection of objects in natural scenes. 563-VII. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044980-7/50028-8Google Scholar
- Miaosen Wang, Sebastian Boring, and Saul Greenberg. 2012. Proxemic Peddler: A Public Advertising Display That Captures and Preserves the Attention of a Passerby. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (PerDis 12). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 3, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2307798.2307801Google ScholarDigital Library
- Colin Ware. 2019. Information visualization: perception for design. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
- Mark Weiser. 1993. Hot topics-ubiquitous computing. Computer 26, 10 (1993), 71--72. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.237456Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. 1997. The Coming Age of Calm Technolgy. Copernicus, USA, 75--85.Google Scholar
- Alexander Wiethoff and Heinrich Hussmann. 2017. Media Architecture: Using Information and Media as Construction Material. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. 1 pages.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Glenn Joseph Winters and Jichen Zhu. 2013. Attention Guiding Principles in 3D Adventure Games. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2013 Posters (SIGGRAPH '13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 71, 1 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2503385.2503463Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jacob O. Wobbrock, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Shaun K. Kane, and Gregg C. Vanderheiden. 2018. Ability-Based Design. Commun. ACM 61, 6 (May 2018), 62--71. https://doi.org/10.1145/3148051Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chia-Chien Wu, Farahnaz Wick, and Marc Pomplun. 2014. Guidance of visual attention by semantic information in real-world scenes. Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00054Google ScholarCross Ref
- Xinghui Yan, Katy Madier, Sun Young Park, and Mark Newman. 2019. Towards Low-burden In-situ Self-reporting: A Design Space Exploration. In Companion Publication of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2019 Companion. 337--346. https://doi.org/10.1145/3301019.3323905Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- To See or Not to See: Exploring Inattentional Blindness for the Design of Unobtrusive Interfaces in Shared Public Places
Recommendations
Perceptual depth to detect changes that we don't see
ECCE '07: Proceedings of the 14th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics: invent! explore!Motivation: The purpose of this research is to understand how perceptual depth and information layering techniques can be used to improve the design of computer interfaces for safety critical environments in which failure or delays in observing changes ...
Assessing e-Readiness in SEE Countries: Perceptions towards e-Government Public Services
BCI '09: Proceedings of the 2009 Fourth Balkan Conference in Informaticse-Government services are emerging rapidly in the developing world. Many countries use e-Government as an enabling tool to increase efficiency, enhance transparency, collect more revenue and facilitate public sector reform. Five factors are critical for ...
See What I See: Enabling User-Centric Robotic Assistance Using First-Person Demonstrations
HRI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot InteractionWe explore first-person demonstration as an intuitive way of producing task demonstrations to facilitate user-centric robotic assistance. First-person demonstration directly captures the human experience of task performance via head-mounted cameras and ...
Comments