Katya Borgos-Rodriguez
Kathryn E. Ringland
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
While parents of young children regularly make decisions about sharing content about their child or family online, we know less about how they create, produce, and share video-based content of children with stigmatizing experiences. Through an analysis of publicly available content on YouTube, supplemented with semi-structured interviews, we report on the ways in which parents of children with developmental disabilities produce, share, and interact with others through videos of their children's experiences. Our analysis finds that parents disclose child information on YouTube to build authenticity, connect with others, advocate for social change, and justify monetization and child involvement. We discuss tensions between parents' practices and the ethical complexities of sharing and studying parent-generated content featuring children with disabilities.
- Crystal Abidin. 2017. #familygoals: Family Influencers, Calibrated Amateurism, and Justifying Young Digital Labor. Social Media + Society 3, 2 (April 2017), 2056305117707191. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117707191Google Scholar
- Meryl Alper. 2017. Giving Voice: Mobile Communication, Disability, and Inequality. MIT Press.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tawfiq Ammari, Priya Kumar, Cliff Lampe, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2015. Managing Children's Online Identities: How Parents Decide What to Disclose About Their Children Online. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1895--1904. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702325 event-place: Seoul, Republic of Korea.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tawfiq Ammari, Meredith Ringel Morris, and Sarita Yardi Schoenebeck. 2014. Accessing Social Support and Overcoming Judgment on Social Media among Parents of Children with Special Needs. (June 2014). https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/accessing-social-support-and-overcoming-judgment-on-social-media-among-parents-of-children-with-special-needs/Google Scholar
- Tawfiq Ammari and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2015. Networked Empowerment on Facebook Groups for Parents of Children with Special Needs. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2805--2814. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702324 event-place: Seoul, Republic of Korea.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tawfiq Ammari, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Daniel M Romero. 2018. Pseudonymous parents: Comparing parenting roles and identities on the Mommit and Daddit subreddits. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 489.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lisa Anthony, Yoo Jin Kim, and Leah Findlater. 2013. Analyzing User-generated YouTube Videos to Understand Touchscreen Use by People with Motor Impairments. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1223--1232. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466158event-place: Paris, France.Google ScholarDigital Library
- David Archard. 2014.Children: Rights and Childhood, 3rd Edition (Paperback) - Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Children-Rights-and-Childhood-3rd-Edition/Archard/p/book/9780415724869Google Scholar
- Louise Barkhuus, Elizabeth Bales, and Lisa Cowan. 2017. Internet Ecologies of New Mothers: Trust, Variety and Strategies for Managing Diverse Information Sources. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2017.276Google Scholar
- Mitchell K Bartholomew, Sarah J Schoppe-Sullivan, Michael Glassman, Claire M Kamp Dush, and Jason M Sullivan.2012. New parents' Facebook use at the transition to parenthood. Family relations 61, 3 (2012), 455--469.Google Scholar
- John Berger (Ed.). 1987.Ways of seeing: based on the BBC television series with John Berger(reprinted ed.). BBC [u.a.], London. OCLC: 246190402.Google Scholar
- Michael S. Bernstein, Eytan Bakshy, Moira Burke, and Brian Karrer. 2013. Quantifying the Invisible Audience in Social Networks. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 21--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470658Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joan-Isaac Biel and Daniel Gatica-Perez. 2011. VlogSense: Conversational behavior and social attention in YouTube. ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMM)7, 1 (2011), 33.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lindsay Blackwell, Jean Hardy, Tawfiq Ammari, Tiffany Veinot, Cliff Lampe, and Sarita Schoenebeck. 2016. LGBT Parents and Social Media: Advocacy, Privacy, and Disclosure During Shifting Social Movements. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 610--622. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858342 event-place: San Jose, California, USA.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alicia Blum-Ross. 2015. 'Sharenting': parent bloggers and managing children's digital footprints. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/parenting4digitalfuture/Google Scholar
- Alicia Blum-Ross and Sonia Livingstone. 2017. "Sharenting," parent blogging, and the boundaries of the digital self. Popular Communication 15, 2 (April 2017), 110--125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2016.1223300Google ScholarCross Ref
- Janne CH Bromseth. 2002. Public places--public activities. Methodological approaches and ethical dilemmas in research on computer-mediated communication contexts. SKIKT' Researchers--Researching IT in context, University of Oslo, 33--61.Google Scholar
- Anna Brosch. 2016. When the child is born into the Internet: Sharenting as a growing trend among parents on Facebook. (2016).Google Scholar
- Barry Brown, Alexandra Weilenmann, Donald McMillan, and Airi Lampinen. 2016. Five Provocations for Ethical HCI Research. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 852--863. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858313Google ScholarDigital Library
- Amy Bruckman. 2002. Studying the amateur artist: A perspective on disguising data collected in human subjects research on the Internet. Ethics and Information Technology 4 (2002), 217--231. Issue 3.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Moira Burke, Robert Kraut, and Diane Williams. 2010. Social Use of Computer-mediated Communication by Adults onthe Autism Spectrum. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 425--434. https://doi.org/10.1145/1718918.1718991Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thais Castro and Ulrike Lucke. 2016. Socialization of People with Autism Through Social Networks. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Users and Context Diversity (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, Cham, 193--202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--319--40238--3_19Google Scholar
- Charlotte Chalklen and Heather Anderson. 2017. Mothering on Facebook: exploring the privacy/openness paradox.Social Media+ Society 3, 2 (2017), 2056305117707187.Google Scholar
- Kathy Charmaz. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. SAGE.Google Scholar
- Grace Yiseul Choi and Jennifer Lewallen. 2018. "Say Instagram, Kids!": Examining Sharenting and Children's Digital Representations on Instagram. Howard Journal of Communications 29, 2 (2018), 144--164.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Aymar Jean Christian. 2009. Real vlogs: The rules and meanings of online personal videos. First Monday 14, 11 (Oct.2009). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v14i11.2699Google Scholar
- Krystal Cleary. 2018. Disability Studies. Feminist Media Histories(2018). https://www.academia.edu/36368350/Disability_StudiesGoogle Scholar
- Kimberle Crenshaw. 1991. Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review43, 6 (1991), 1241--1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039Google Scholar
- Hilary Davis, Jenny Waycott, and Shou Zhou. 2015. Beyond YouTube: Sharing Personal Digital Stories on a Community Display. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Australian Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction(OzCHI '15). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 579--587. https://doi.org/10.1145/2838739.2838771 event-place: Parkville, VIC, Australia.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lennard J Davis. 2016. The disability studies reader. (2016).Google Scholar
- M Davis, SJ Clark, DC Singer, K Hale, A Matos-Moreno, and AD Kauffman. 2015. Parents on social media: Likes and dislikes of sharenting. CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Health System 23, 2 (2015).Google Scholar
- Janet Deatrick, Kathleen Knafl, and Carol Murphy-Moore. 1999. Clarifying the concept of normalization.Journal of Nursing Scholarship 31 (1999), 209--214.Google Scholar
- Nancy L. Eiesland. 1994. The Disabled God: Toward a Liberatory Theology of Disability. Abingdon Press. Google-Books-ID: 4v3YAAAAMAAJ.Google Scholar
- David Farrugia. 2009. Exploring stigma: medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.Sociology of Health & Illness 31, 7 (2009), 1011--1027. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467--9566.2009.01174.xGoogle Scholar
- Heather A. Faucett, Kate E. Ringland, Amanda L. L. Cullen, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2017. (In)Visibility in Disability and Assistive Technology. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 10, 4 (Oct. 2017), 14:1--14:17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132040Google ScholarDigital Library
- Casey Fiesler and Nicholas Proferes. 2018. "Participant" Perceptions of Twitter Research Ethics. Social Media + Society 4,1 (2018), 2056305118763366. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118763366 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118763366Google ScholarCross Ref
- Casey Fiesler, Alyson Young, Tamara Peyton, Amy S. Bruckman, Mary Gray, Jeff Hancock, and Wayne Lutters. 2015. Ethics for Studying Online Sociotechnical Systems in a Big Data World. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference Companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW'15 Companion). ACM, New York, NY,USA, 289--292. https://doi.org/10.1145/2685553.2685558Google ScholarDigital Library
- Keegan Fornoff. 2017. Vlogging Is Killing the Reality TV Stars. https://studybreaks.com/tvfilm/vlogging-is-killing-the-reality-tv-stars/Google Scholar
- Christopher Frauenberger, Alissa N. Antle, Monica Landoni, Janet C. Read, and Jerry Alan Fails. 2018. Ethics in Interaction Design and Children: A Panel and Community Dialogue. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 748--752. https://doi.org/10.1145/3202185.3210802Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christopher Frauenberger, Amy S. Bruckman, Cosmin Munteanu, Melissa Densmore, and Jenny Waycott. 2017. Research Ethics in HCI: A Town Hall Meeting. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1295--1299. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3051135Google ScholarDigital Library
- Florencia García-Rapp and Carles Roca-Cuberes. 2017. Being an online celebrity: Norms and expectations of YouTube's beauty community. First Monday 22, 7 (July 2017). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i7.7788Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. 2005. Disability and Representation.PMLA120, 2 (2005), 522--527. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486178Google Scholar
- Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. 2009. Staring: How We Look. Oxford University Press. Google-Books-ID: z0ZdbczjUo4C.Google Scholar
- Erving Goffman. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday.Google Scholar
- Erving Goffman et al. 1978. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth London.Google Scholar
- I. Goffman and Erving Goffman. 1963.Stigma; Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall. Google-Books-ID: 0RAvAAAAMAAJ.Google Scholar
- Charles Goodwin. 1994. Professional Vision. American Anthropologist 96, 3 (1994), 606--633. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.3.02a00100Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jean W. Gowen, Deirdre Schoen Christy, and Joseph Sparling. 1993. Informational Needs of Parents of Young Children with Special Needs. Journal of Early Intervention17, 2 (April 1993), 194--210. https://doi.org/10.1177/105381519301700209Google ScholarCross Ref
- David E. Gray. 2002. 'Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed': felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health & Illness 24, 6 (2002), 734--749. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467--9566.00316Google ScholarCross Ref
- Beth A. Haller. 2010. Representing Disability in an Ableist World: Essays on Mass Media. Advocado Press. Google-Books-ID: J6ZVbwAACAAJ.Google Scholar
- Dave Harley and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2009. YouTube and intergenerational communication: the case of Geriatric1927.Universal Access in the Information Society 8, 1 (April 2009), 5--20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-008-0127-yGoogle Scholar
- Juan Pablo Hourcade, Sarah L Mascher, David Wu, and Luiza Pantoja. 2015. Look, my baby is using an iPad! An analysis of YouTube videos of infants and toddlers using tablets. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 1915--1924.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jina Huh, Leslie S. Liu, Tina Neogi, Kori Inkpen, and Wanda Pratt. 2014. Health Vlogs As Social Support for Chronic Illness Management. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.21, 4 (Aug. 2014), 23:1--23:31. https://doi.org/10.1145/2630067Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. C. Huws, R. S. Jones, and D. K. Ingledew. 2001. Parents of Children with Autism using an Email Group: A Grounded Theory Study. Journal of Health Psychology 6, 5 (Sept. 2001), 569--584. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910530100600509Google ScholarCross Ref
- Douglas Kellner. 2011. Cultural studies, multiculturalism, and media culture. Gender, race, and class in media: A critical reader 3 (2011), 7--18.Google Scholar
- Sydney H. Kinnear, Bruce G. Link, Michelle S. Ballan, and Ruth L. Fischbach. 2016. Understanding the Experience of Stigma for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Role Stigma Plays in Families' Lives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, 3 (March 2016), 942--953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015--2637--9Google ScholarCross Ref
- Kathleen A Knafl and Janet A Deatrick. 2002. The challenge of normalization for families of children with chronic conditions. Pediatric Nursing 28, 1 (2002), 49--56.Google Scholar
- Eden Litt. 2012. Knock, Knock. Who's There? The Imagined Audience.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56, 3(2012), 330--345. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.705195Google ScholarCross Ref
- Eden Litt and Eszter Hargittai. 2016. The Imagined Audience on Social Network Sites.Social Media + Society 2, 1(2016), 2056305116633482. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116633482 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116633482Google Scholar
- Leslie S. Liu, Jina Huh, Tina Neogi, Kori Inkpen, and Wanda Pratt. 2013. Health Vlogger-Viewer Interaction in Chronic Illness Management. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems CHI Conference 2013(2013), 49--58. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470663Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor Lorenz. 2018. Raising a Social-Media Star. The Atlantic(2018). https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/raising-a-social-media-star/550418/Google Scholar
- Sapna Maheshwari. 2019. Online and Making Thousands, at Age 4: Meet the Kidfluencers. The New York Times(March 2019). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/business/media/social-media-influencers-kids.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Alice E. Marwick and danah boyd. 2011. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse,and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13, 1 (2011), 114--133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anne McGuire. 2016. War on Autism: On the Cultural Logic of Normative Violence. University of Michigan Press. https://www.press.umich.edu/7784427/war_on_autismGoogle Scholar
- Sarah McRoberts, Elizabeth Bonsignore, Tamara Peyton, and Svetlana Yarosh. 2016. Do It for the Viewers!: Audience Engagement Behaviors of Young YouTubers. In Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 334--343. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930676 event-place:Manchester, United Kingdom.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tehila Minkus, Kelvin Liu, and Keith W Ross. 2015. Children seen but not heard: When parents compromise children's online privacy. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 776--786.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Megan A Moreno, Natalie Goniu, Peter S Moreno, and Douglas Diekema. 2013. Ethics of social media research: common concerns and practical considerations. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking 16, 9 (2013), 708--713.Google Scholar
- Meredith Ringel Morris. 2014. Social Networking Site Use by Mothers of Young Children. In Proceedings of the 17thACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1272--1282. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531603 event-place: Baltimore, Maryland, USA.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carol Moser, Tianying Chen, and Sarita Y. Schoenebeck. 2017. Parents' And Children's Preferences About Parents Sharing About Children on Social Media. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5221--5225. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025587 event-place: Denver, Colorado, USA.Google Scholar
- Susan L. Neely-Barnes, Heather R. Hall, Ruth J. Roberts, and J. Carolyn Graff. 2011. Parenting a Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Public Perceptions and Parental Conceptualizations.Journal of Family Social Work 14, 3 (May 2011), 208--225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2011.571539Google ScholarCross Ref
- BBC News. 2019. YouTube bans comments on all videos of children - BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47408969Google Scholar
- Tobias Raun. 2016.Out Online: Trans Self-Representation and Community Building on YouTube. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315599229Google Scholar
- Kathryn E. Ringland. 2019. "Autsome": Fostering an Autistic Identity in an Online Minecraft Community for Youth with Autism. In iConference 2019.Google Scholar
- Kathryn E. Ringland, Christine T. Wolf, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2015. Making "Safe": Community-Centered Practices in a Virtual World Dedicated to Children with Autism. In CSCW 2015. ACM.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kathryn E. Ringland, Christine T. Wolf, Heather Faucett, Lynn Dombrowski, and Gillian R. Hayes. 2016. "Will I AlwaysBe Not Social?": Re-Conceptualizing Sociality in the Context of a Minecraft Community for Autism. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1256--1269. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858038Google Scholar
- Sara Ryan. 2010. 'Meltdowns', surveillance and managing emotions; going out with children with autism.Health & Place 16, 5 (Sept. 2010), 868--875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.012Google Scholar
- Sarita Yardi Schoenebeck. 2013. The secret life of online moms: Anonymity and disinhibition on youbemom.com. In Seventh International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.Google Scholar
- Woosuk Seo and Hyunggu Jung. 2018. Understanding Blind or Visually Impaired People on YouTube Through Qualitative Analysis of Videos. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video (TVX '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 191--196. https://doi.org/10.1145/3210825.3213565 event-place:SEOUL, Republic of Korea.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chloe Silverman. 2012.Understanding Autism: Parents, Doctors, and the History of a Disorder. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7t3n6Google Scholar
- Elisabeth Staksrud and Sonia Livingstone. 2009. CHILDREN AND ONLINE RISK.Information, Communication & Society 12, 3 (2009), 364--387. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802635455 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802635455Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rosemarie Garland Thomson. 1997. Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture and Literature. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
- Tanya Titchkosky. 2007. Reading and Writing Disability Differently: The Textured Life of Embodiment. University of Toronto Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442683839Google Scholar
- Jessica Vitak, Katie Shilton, and Zahra Ashktorab. 2016. Beyond the Belmont Principles: Ethical Challenges, Practices,and Beliefs in the Online Data Research Community. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 941--953. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820078Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daisuke Wakabayashi. 2019. YouTube Bans Comments on Videos of Young Children in Bid to Block Predators. The New York Times(Feb. 2019). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/technology/youtube-pedophile-comments.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Roberta L. Woodgate, Christine Ateah, and Loretta Secco. 2008. Living in a World of Our Own: The Experience of Parents Who Have a Child With Autism. Qualitative Health Research 18, 8 (Aug. 2008), 1075--1083.https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732308320112Google ScholarCross Ref
- Svetlana Yarosh, Elizabeth Bonsignore, Sarah McRoberts, and Tamara Peyton. 2016. YouthTube: Youth video author ship on YouTube and Vine. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. ACM, 1423--1437.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- MyAutsomeFamilyLife: Analyzing Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities on YouTube
Recommendations
Exploring Parent Use of Early STEM Media to Inform Design for Children
IDC '19: Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and ChildrenThis paper explores how parents identify and use science and math media to engage their preschool children in informal science and math learning. Through an interview study, we examine parental beliefs about media's role in their preschool-aged children'...
A parental perspective on apps for young children
Touchscreen applications (apps) for young children have seen increasingly high rates of growth with more than a hundred thousand now available apps. As with other media, parents play a key role in young children's app selection and use. However, to date,...
Monitoring children's physical activity and sleep: a study of surveillance and information disclosure
OzCHI '16: Proceedings of the 28th Australian Conference on Computer-Human InteractionChildren and parents build mutual trust through voluntary disclosure, but at the same time parents are guardians who monitor and guide children as they grow up. Emerging technologies offer new opportunities for parents to monitor children while being ...
Comments