skip to main content
10.1145/1518701.1518979acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Self-interruption on the computer: a typology of discretionary task interleaving

Published:04 April 2009Publication History

ABSTRACT

The typical information worker is interrupted every 12 minutes, and half of the time they are interrupting themselves. However, most of the research on interruption in the area of human-computer interaction has focused on understanding and managing interruptions from external sources. Internal interruptions -- user-initiated switches away from a task prior to its completion -- are not well understood. In this paper we describe a qualitative study of self-interruption on the computer. Using a grounded theory approach, we identify seven categories of self-interruptions in computer-related activities. These categories are derived from direct observations of users, and describe the motivation, potential consequences, and benefits associated with each type of self-interruption observed. Our research extends the understanding of the self-interruption phenomenon, and informs the design of systems to support discretionary task interleaving on the computer.

References

  1. Adamczyk, P.D.,&Bailey, B.P. If not now, when?: the effects of interruption at different moments within task execution, In Proc. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 271--278. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  2. Bannon L., Cypher A., Greenspan S.&Monty M. L. Evaluation and analysis of users' activity organization. In Proc.CHI 1983, ACM Press (1983), 54--57. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Bardram, J., Bunde-Pedersen, J.,&Soegaard, M. Support for activity-based computing in a personal computing operating system. In Proc. CHI 2006, ACM Press (2006), 211--220. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  4. Card S. K.,&Henderson A. A multiple, virtual-workspace interface to support user task switching, In Proc. CHI 1987, ACM Press (1987), 53--59. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Cellier J.M.,&Eyrolle H. Interference between switched tasks, Ergonomics, 35, 1 (1992), 25--36.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Cutrell, E.B., Czerwinski, M.,&Horvitz, E. Effects of instant messaging interruptions on computing tasks, In Proc. CHI 2000, ACM Press (2000), 99--100. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Czikszentmihalyi, M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Collins, NY, NY, 1990.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E.,&Wilhite, S. A diary study of task switching and interruptions. In Proc. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 175--182. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Dragunov A.N., Dietterich T.G., Johnsrude K., McLaughlin M., Li L.&Herlocker J.L. TaskTracer: A desktop environment to support multi-tasking knowledge workers, In Proc.IUI 2005, ACM Press (2005), 75--82. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Eisenhardt, K.M. Building theories from case study research, Academy of Management Review, 14, 4 (1989), 532--550.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. Finstad K., Bink M., McDaniel M.,&Einstein G. O. Breaks and task switches in prospective memory, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 5 (2006), 705--712.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Glaser, B.G.,&Strauss, A.L. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine Publishing Co, Chicago, IL, US, 1967.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  13. Gonzalez, V.,&Marks, G. "Constant, constant, multitasking craziness": Managing multiple working spheres. In Proc. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 113--120. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  14. Iqbal, S.,&Horvitz, E. Disruption and recovery of computing tasks: field study, analysis, and directions. In Proc. CHI 2007, ACM Press (2007), 677--686. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Jett Q. R.,&George J. M. Work interrupted: A closer look at the role of interruptions in organizational life, Academy of Management Review, 28, 3 (2003), 494--507.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Mark, G., Gonzalez, V.,&Harris, J. No task left behind? Examining the nature of fragmented work. In Proc. CHI 2005, ACM Press (2005), 321--330. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Martin, P.Y.,&B.A. Turner. Grounded theory and organizational research," The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,22, 2 (1986) 141--157.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. McFarlane, D. Comparison of four primary methods for coordinating the interruptions of people in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 17, 1(2002), 1--61. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Mintzberg, H. The Nature of Managerial Work. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, USA, 1973.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  20. Miyata Y.,&Norman D. Psychological issues in support of multiple activities, In: User Centered Systems Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction, Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (1986) 265--284.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. O'Conaill B.,&Frohlich D. Timespace in the workplace: Dealing with interruptions, In Ext. Abstracts CHI 1995, ACM Press (1995), 262--263. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Paschler, H., Johnston, J.C.,&Ruthruff, E. Attention and Performance, Annual Review of Psychology, 52 (2001), 629--651.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. Payne S. J., Duggan G. B.,&Neth H. Discretionary task interleaving: Heuristics for time allocation in cognitive foraging, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 3 (2007), 370--388.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. Perlow L. The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1 (1999), 57--81.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Rattenbury, T.,&Canny, J.CAAD: An automatic task support system. In Proc. CHI 2007, ACM Press (2007), 687--696. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. Reder, S.,&Schwab, R.G. The temporal structure of cooperative activity. In Proc. CSCW 1990, ACM Press (1990), 303--316. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  27. Robertson, G., van Dantzich, M., Robbins, D., Czerwinski, M., Hinckley, K., Risden, K., Thiel, D.,&Gorokhovsky, V. The Task Gallery: A 3D window manager. In Proc. CHI 2000, ACM Press (2000), 494--501. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Shrout P. E.,&Fleiss J. L. Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability, Psychological Bulletin, 86, 2 (1979), 420--428.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. Sproull L. S. The nature of managerial attention, Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, 1 (1984), 9--27.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. Strauss, A.,&Corbin, J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Processes for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 1998.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. Self-interruption on the computer: a typology of discretionary task interleaving

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Login options

    Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

    Sign in
    • Published in

      cover image ACM Conferences
      CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
      April 2009
      2426 pages
      ISBN:9781605582467
      DOI:10.1145/1518701

      Copyright © 2009 ACM

      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      • Published: 4 April 2009

      Permissions

      Request permissions about this article.

      Request Permissions

      Check for updates

      Qualifiers

      • research-article

      Acceptance Rates

      CHI '09 Paper Acceptance Rate277of1,130submissions,25%Overall Acceptance Rate6,199of26,314submissions,24%

    PDF Format

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader