Abstract
The present article introduces a Russian-language database of 375 action pictures and associated verbs with normative data. The pictures were normed for name agreement, conceptual familiarity, and subjective visual complexity, and measures of age of acquisition, imageability, and image agreement were collected for the verbs. Values of objective visual complexity, as well as information about verb frequency, length, argument structure, instrumentality, and name relation, are also provided. Correlations between these parameters are presented, along with a comparative analysis of the Russian name agreement norms and those collected in other languages. The full set of pictorial stimuli and the obtained norms may be freely downloaded from http://neuroling.ru/en/db.htm for use in research and for clinical purposes.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
All of the examples are written in transliteration and accompanied with an English translation.
The five-point scales used in this study were adapted from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) and are widely used in noun- and object-norming studies, although some verb- and action-norming studies have been based on seven-point scales (e.g., Bird et al., 2001; Chiarello et al., 1999; Cuetos & Alija, 2003; Masterson & Druks, 1998; Schwitter et al., 2004; Shao et al., 2013). The normative data for Russian nouns and objects are collected using five-point scales to allow for a comparison of the present data for verbs and actions with future data for nouns and objects.
In the use of effect size terms, we adhere to the conventions of Cohen (1988): “small” correlations = .1–.3, “moderate” = .3–.5, “large” > .5.
References
Akinina, Y., & Dragoy, O. (2012). Semantic and phonological naming therapy: New criteria of therapy effects assessment. Stem-, Spraak- en Taalpathologie, 17, 15–17.
Alario, F. X., & Ferrand, L. (1999). A set of 400 pictures standardized for French: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 531–552. doi:10.3758/BF03200732
Alario, F. X., Ferrand, L., Laganaro, M., New, B., Frauenfelder, U. H., & Segui, J. (2004). Predictors of picture naming speed. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 140–155. doi:10.3758/BF03195559
Álvarez, B., & Cuetos, F. (2007). Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 328 words in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 377–383. doi:10.3758/BF03193006
Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & Van Rijn, H. (1993). The CELEX lexical database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia, PA: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
Barry, C., Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: Effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 560–585. doi:10.1080/783663595
Bastiaanse, R. (1991). Retrieval of instrumental verbs in aphasia: An explorative study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5, 355–368.
Bates, E., D’Amico, S., Jacobsen, T., Székely, A., Andonova, E., Devescovi, A., … Tzeng, O. (2003). Timed picture naming in seven languages. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 344–380. doi:10.3758/BF03196494
Berman, S., Friedman, D., Hamberger, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1989). Developmental picture norms: Relationships between name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity for child and adult ratings of two sets of line drawings. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 21, 371–382. doi:10.3758/BF03202800
Bird, H., Franklin, S., & Howard, D. (2001). Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 33, 73–79. doi:10.3758/BF03195349
Bird, H., Howard, D., & Franklin, S. (2003). Verbs and nouns: The importance of being imageable. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16, 113–149.
Bonin, P., Boyer, B., Méot, A., Fayol, M., & Droit, S. (2004). Psycholinguistic norms for action photographs in French and their relationships with spoken and written latencies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 127–139. doi:10.3758/BF03195558
Bonin, P., Méot, A., Mermillod, M., Ferrand, L., & Barry, C. (2009). The effects of age of acquisition and frequency trajectory on object naming: Comments on Pérez (2007). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 1132–1140. doi:10.1080/17470210802618850
Bonin, P., Peereman, R., Malardier, N., Méot, A., & Chalard, M. (2003). A new set of 299 pictures for psycholinguistic studies: French norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and naming latencies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 158–167. doi:10.3758/BF03195507
Cameirão, M. L., & Vicente, S. G. (2010). Age-of-acquisition norms for a set of 1,749 Portuguese words. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 474–480. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.2.474
Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2003). The neural correlates of noun and verb processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16, 183–189.
Chiarello, C., Shears, C., & Lund, K. (1999). Imageability and distributional typicality measures of nouns and verbs in contemporary English. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 603–637. doi:10.3758/BF03200739
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Connell, L., & Lynott, D. (2012). Strength of perceptual experience predicts word processing performance better than concreteness or imageability. Cognition, 125, 452–465. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.010
Cortese, M. J., Simpson, G. B., & Woolsey, S. (1997). Effects of association and imageability on phonological mapping. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 226–231. doi:10.3758/BF03209397
Cotelli, M., Borroni, B., Manenti, R., Alberici, A., Calabria, M., Agosti, C., … Cappa, S. F. (2006). Action and object naming in frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Neuropsychology, 20, 558–565.
Crepaldi, D., Berlingeri, M., Paulesu, E., & Luzzatti, C. (2011). A place for nouns and a place for verbs? A critical review of neurocognitive data on grammatical-class effects. Brain and Language, 116, 33–49. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.09.005
Cuetos, F., Aguado, G., Izura, C., & Ellis, A. W. (2002). Aphasic naming in Spanish: Predictors and errors. Brain and Language, 82, 344–365. doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00038-X
Cuetos, F., & Alija, M. (2003). Normative data and naming times for action pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 168–177. doi:10.3758/BF03195508
Cuetos, F., Ellis, A. W., & Alvarez, B. (1999). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 650–658. doi:10.3758/BF03200741
Cuetos, F., Samartino, T., & Ellis, A. W. (2012). Age of acquisition norms from elderly Spanish people: Characteristics and the prediction of word recognition performance in Alzheimer’s disease. Psicológica, 33, 59–76.
Cycowicz, Y. M., Friedman, D., Rothstein, M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (1997). Picture naming by young children: Norms for name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 65, 171–237. doi:10.1006/jecp.1996.2356
d’Honincthun, P., & Pillon, A. (2008). Verb comprehension and naming in frontotemporal degeneration: The role of the static depiction of actions. Cortex, 44, 834–847. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.04.003
Damian, M. F., Bowers, J. S., Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., & Spalek, K. (2010). Does word length affect speech onset latencies when producing single words? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 892–905. doi:10.1037/a0019446
De Bleser, R., & Kauschke, C. (2003). Acquisition and loss of nouns and verbs: Parallel or divergent patterns? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16, 213–229.
Dell’Acqua, R., Lotto, L., & Job, R. (2000). Naming times and standardized norms for the Italian PD/DPSS set of 266 pictures: Direct comparisons with American, English, French, and Spanish published databases. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 588–615. doi:10.3758/BF03200832
Dimitropoulou, M., Duñabeitia, J. A., Blitsas, P., & Carreiras, M. (2009). A standardized set of 260 pictures for Modern Greek: Norms for name agreement, age of acquisition, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 584–589. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.2.584
Dragoy, O., & Bastiaanse, R. (2010). Verb production and word order in Russian agrammatic speakers. Aphasiology, 24, 28–55. doi:10.1080/02687030802586902
Druks, J. (2002). Verbs and nouns: Review of the literature. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 15, 289–315.
Druks, J., & Masterson, J. (2000). An object and action naming battery. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Ellis, A. W., & Morrison, C. M. (1998). Real age-of-acquisition effects in lexical retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 515–523. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.515
Fiez, J. A., & Tranel, D. (1997). Standardized stimuli and procedures for investigating the retrieval of lexical and conceptual knowledge for actions. Memory & Cognition, 25, 543–569. doi:10.3758/BF03201129
Goodglass, H. (1993). Understanding aphasia. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Grigoriev, A. A., Baljasnikova, O. V., & Oshhepkov, I. V. (2009). Ocenki obraznosti nazvanijj risunkov iz standartnogo nabora izobrazhenijj i rjada drugikh slov. Voprosy Psikholingvistiki, 9, 128–133.
Grigoriev, A., & Oshhepkov, I. (2013). Objective age of acquisition norms for a set of 286 words in Russian: Relationships with other psycholinguistic variables. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 1208–1217. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0319-0
Grigoriev, A. A., Oshhepkov, I. V., Baljasnikova, O. V., & Orlova, E. A. (2010). Normativnye dannye po obraznosti, soglasovannosti naimenovanijj, znakomosti i sootvetstviju naimenovanija izobrazheniju dlja nabora iz 286 stimulov. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Psikhologicheskie Nauki, 1, 42–51.
Himmanen, S. A., Gentles, K., & Sailor, K. (2003). Rated familiarity, visual complexity, and image agreement and their relation to naming difficulty for items from the Boston Naming Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 1178–1185.
Hoffman, P., Jefferies, E., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2011). Remembering “zeal” but not “thing”: Reverse frequency effects as a consequence of deregulated semantic processing. Neuropsychologia, 49, 580–584. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.036
Johnston, R. A., & Barry, C. (2006). Age of acquisition and lexical processing. Visual Cognition, 13, 789–845. doi:10.1080/13506280544000066
Jonkers, R., & Bastiaanse, R. (2007). Action naming in anomic aphasic speakers: Effects of instrumentality and name relation. Brain and Language, 102, 262–272.
Kemmerer, D., & Tranel, D. (2000). Verb retrieval in brain-damaged subjects: 1. Analysis of stimulus, lexical, and conceptual factors. Brain and Language, 73, 347–392.
Kim, M., & Thompson, C. K. (2000). Patterns of comprehension and production of nouns and verbs in agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization. Brain and Language, 74, 1–25.
Kiss, K. (2000). Effect of verb complexity on agrammatic aphasics’ sentence production. In R. Bastiaanse & Y. Grodzinsky (Eds.), Grammatical disorders in aphasia: A neurolinguistic perspective (pp. 152–170). London, UK: Whurr.
Konopka, A., & Meyer, A. S. (2012). Priming sentence planning: The role of words and structures. Unpublished manuscript.
Kozintseva, E. G., Dragoy, O., Malyutina, S., Ivanova, M. V., Sevan, D., Kuptsova, S., … Gutyrchik, E. F. (2013). Naming actions in non-fluent aphasia: An fMRI study of compensatory reorganization of brain activity. Stem-, Spraak- en Taalpathologie, 18, 98–99.
Kremin, H., Akhutina, T., Basso, A., Davidoff, J., De Wilde, M., Kitzing, P., … Weniger, D. (2003). A cross-linguistic data bank for oral picture naming in Dutch, English, German, French, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish (PEDOI). Brain & Cognition, 53, 243–246.
Lachman, R. (1973). Uncertainty effects on time to access the internal lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 199–208.
Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). (2013). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (17th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Available at www.ethnologue.com
Luzzatti, C., Aggujaro, S., & Crepaldi, D. (2006). Verb–noun double dissociation in aphasia: Theoretical and neuroanatomical foundations. Cortex, 42, 875–883.
Luzzatti, C., Raggi, R., Zonca, G., Pistarini, C., Contardi, A., & Pinna, G. D. (2002). Verb–noun double dissociation in aphasic lexical impairments: The role of word frequency and imageability. Brain and Language, 81, 432–444.
Lyashevskaya, O. N., & Sharov, S. A. (2009). Chastotnyj slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo jazyka (na materialakh Natsional’nogo korpusa russkogo jazyka) [Frequency vocabulary of Modern Russian (based on the materials of Russian National Corpus]. Moscow, Russia: Azbukovnik. Retrieved from http://dict.ruslang.ru/freq.php
Malyutina, S., Iskra, E., & Sevan, D. (2014). Aphasiology the effects of instrumentality and name relation on action naming in Russian speakers with aphasia, (May), 37–41. doi:10.1080/02687038.2014.910589.
Manoiloff, L., Artstein, M., Bélen Canavoso, M., Fernández, L., & Segui, J. (2010). Expanded norms for 400 experimental pictures in an Argentinean Spanish-speaking population. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 452–460. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.2.452
Marshall, J., Pring, T., Chiat, S., & Robson, J. (2001). When ottoman is easier than chair: An inverse frequency effect in jargon aphasia. Cortex, 37, 33–53. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70556-2
Martein, R. (1995). Norms for name and concept agreement, familiarity, visual complexity and image agreement on a set of 216 pictures. Psychologica Belgica, 35, 205–225.
Masterson, J., & Druks, J. (1998). Description of a set of 164 nouns and 102 verbs matched for printed word frequency, familiarity and age-of-acquisition. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 11, 331–354. doi:10.1016/S0911-6044(98)00023-2
Mätzig, S., Druks, J., Masterson, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Noun and verb differences in picture naming: Past studies and new evidence. Cortex, 45, 738–758. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.003
Meyer, A. S., Roelofs, A., & Levelt, W. J. M. (2003). Word length effects in object naming: The role of a response criterion. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 131–147. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00509-0
Morrison, C. M., Chappell, T. D., & Ellis, A. W. (1997). Age of acquisition norms for a large set of object names and their relation to adult estimates and other variables. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 528–559. doi:10.1080/027249897392017
Nickels, L., & Howard, D. (1995). Aphasic naming: What matters? Neuropsychologia, 33, 1281–1303. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00102-9
Nishimoto, T., Miyawaki, K., Ueda, T., Une, Y., & Takahashi, M. (2005). Japanese normative set of 359 pictures. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 398–416. doi:10.3758/BF03192709
Nishimoto, T., Ueda, T., Miyawaki, K., Une, Y., & Takahashi, M. (2012). The role of imagery-related properties in picture naming: A newly standardized set of 360 pictures for Japanese. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 934–945. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0176-7
Nisi, M., Longoni, A. M., & Snodgrass, J. G. (2000). Misure italiane per l’accordo sul nome, familiarità ed età di acquisizione, per le 260 figure di Snodgrass e Vanderwart (1980). Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 27, 205–220. doi:10.1421/288
Ozhegov, S., & Shvedova, N. (1992). Tolkovy slovar’ russkogo yazyka [Russian explanatory dictionary]. Moscow, Russia: Az.
Pashneva, S. (2013). Russkie normativnye imena dlja 275 izobrazhenij dejstvij I dannyje po ikh obraznosti, znakomosti i vozrastu usvojenija. Molodoj Uchjonyj, 10, 606–610.
Pind, J., Jónsdóttir, H., Gissurardóttir, H., & Jónsson, F. (2000). Icelandic norms for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures: Name and image agreement, familiarity, and age of acquisition. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41, 41–48. doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00169
Rossion, B., & Pourtois, G. (2004). Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition. Perception, 33, 217–236. doi:10.1068/p5117
Salmon, J. P., McMullen, P. A., & Filliter, J. H. (2010). Norms for two types of manipulability (graspability and functional usage), familiarity, and age of acquisition for 320 photographs of objects. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 82–95. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.82
Sanfeliu, M. C., & Fernandez, A. (1996). A set of 254 Snodgrass–Vanderwart pictures standardized for Spanish: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 537–555. doi:10.3758/BF03200541
Schröder, A., Gemballa, T., Ruppin, S., & Wartenburger, I. (2012). German norms for semantic typicality, age of acquisition, and concept familiarity. Behavior Research Methods, 44, 380–394. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0164-y
Schwitter, V., Boyer, B., Méot, A., Bonin, P., & Laganaro, M. (2004). French normative data and naming times for action pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 564–576. doi:10.3758/BF03195603
Shao, Z., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (2013). Predicting naming latencies for action pictures: Dutch norms. Behavior Research Methods, 46, 274–283. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0358-6
Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174–215. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.174
Snodgrass, J. G., & Yuditsky, T. (1996). Naming times for the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28, 516–536. doi:10.3758/BF03200540
Szekely, A., & Bates, E. (2000). Objective visual complexity as a variable in studies of picture naming. CRL Newsletter, 12(2), 1–33.
Szekely, A., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Federmeier, K., Herron, D., Iyer, G., … Bates, E. (2005). Timed action and object naming. Cortex, 41, 7–25. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70174-6
Székely, A., Jacobsen, T., D’Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Andonova, E., Herron, D., … Bates, E. (2004). A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 247–250. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.03.002
Tsaparina, D., Bonin, P., & Méot, A. (2011). Russian norms for name agreement, image agreement for the colorized version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures and age of acquisition, conceptual familiarity, and imageability scores for modal object names. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 1085–1099. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0121-9
Vitkovitch, M., & Tyrrell, L. (1995). Sources of disagreement in object naming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 822–848. doi:10.1080/14640749508401419
Weekes, B. S., Shu, H., Hao, M., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2007). Predictors of timed picture naming in Chinese. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 335–342. doi:10.3758/BF03193165
Zevin, J. D., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2002). Age of acquisition effects in word reading and other tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 47, 1–29. doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2834
Author Note
This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE). We thank Victor M. Shklovsky, who inspired the authors to implement the project. We are also grateful to all of the participants for their contributions to this study, Kelly Callahan for proofreading the article, and those of our colleagues who are not mentioned among the authors for their help and advice.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akinina, Y., Malyutina, S., Ivanova, M. et al. Russian normative data for 375 action pictures and verbs. Behav Res 47, 691–707 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0492-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0492-9