Skip to main content
Top

2009 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

9 Virale hepatitis

Auteurs : J.G.P. Reijnders, Prof.dr. H.L.A. Janssen

Gepubliceerd in: Leverziekten

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Een icterische epidemie werd voor het eerst beschreven 400 jaar v. Chr. door Hippocrates. Het duurde echter tot 1965 voordat de eerste serologische marker van virale hepatitis werd ontdekt. Blumberg beschreef het ‘Australië’-antigeen dat hij aantoonde in het serum van leukemiepatiënten,[1] dat later de envelop van het hepatitis B-virus (HBsAg) bleek te zijn.
Literatuur
1.
2.
go back to reference Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purceli RH. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science 1973; 182(116):1026–1028.PubMedCrossRef Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purceli RH. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science 1973; 182(116):1026–1028.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Eerden LJ Van Der, Bosman A, Duynhoven YT van. [Surveillance of hepatitis A in the Netherlands 1993–2002]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2004; 148(28):1390–1394. Eerden LJ Van Der, Bosman A, Duynhoven YT van. [Surveillance of hepatitis A in the Netherlands 1993–2002]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2004; 148(28):1390–1394.
4.
go back to reference Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, Cainelli F, Casali F, Ghironzi G,et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998;338(5):286–290.PubMedCrossRef Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, Cainelli F, Casali F, Ghironzi G,et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998;338(5):286–290.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Fleischer B, Fleischer S, Maier K, Wiedmann KH, Sacher M, Thaler H,et al. Clonal analysis of infiltrating T lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis A. Immunology 1990;69(1):14–19.PubMedCentralPubMed Fleischer B, Fleischer S, Maier K, Wiedmann KH, Sacher M, Thaler H,et al. Clonal analysis of infiltrating T lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis A. Immunology 1990;69(1):14–19.PubMedCentralPubMed
6.
go back to reference Lednar WM, Lemon SM, Kirkpatrick JW, Redfield RR, Fields ML, Kelley PW. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;122(2):226–233.PubMed Lednar WM, Lemon SM, Kirkpatrick JW, Redfield RR, Fields ML, Kelley PW. Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;122(2):226–233.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Tong MJ, el-Farra NS, Grew MI. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A: recent experience in a community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis 1995;171(Suppl 1):S15–S18.PubMedCrossRef Tong MJ, el-Farra NS, Grew MI. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A: recent experience in a community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis 1995;171(Suppl 1):S15–S18.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
go back to reference Koff RS. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine 1992;10(Suppl 1): S15–S17.PubMedCrossRef Koff RS. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine 1992;10(Suppl 1): S15–S17.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Loutan L, Bovier P, Althaus B, Gluck R. Inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Lancet 1994;343(8893): 322–324.PubMedCrossRef Loutan L, Bovier P, Althaus B, Gluck R. Inactivated virosome hepatitis A vaccine. Lancet 1994;343(8893): 322–324.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Van Damme P, Banatvala J, Fay O, Iwarson S, McMahon B, Van Herck K,et al. Hepatitis A booster vaccination: is there a need? Lancet 2003;362(9389):1065–1071.PubMedCrossRef Van Damme P, Banatvala J, Fay O, Iwarson S, McMahon B, Van Herck K,et al. Hepatitis A booster vaccination: is there a need? Lancet 2003;362(9389):1065–1071.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Winokur PL, Stapleton JT. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis for hepatitis A. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14(2):580–586.PubMedCrossRef Winokur PL, Stapleton JT. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis for hepatitis A. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14(2):580–586.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kane MA, Bradley DW, Shrestha SM, Maynard JE, Cook EH, Mishra RP,et al. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal. Recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA 1984;252(22):3140–3145.PubMedCrossRef Kane MA, Bradley DW, Shrestha SM, Maynard JE, Cook EH, Mishra RP,et al. Epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis in Nepal. Recovery of a possible etiologic agent and transmission studies in marmosets. JAMA 1984;252(22):3140–3145.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Koonin EV, Gorbalenya AE, Purdy MA, Rozanov MN, Reyes GR, Bradley DW. Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89(17):8259–8263.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Koonin EV, Gorbalenya AE, Purdy MA, Rozanov MN, Reyes GR, Bradley DW. Computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis E virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand RNA plant and animal viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89(17):8259–8263.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Reviews in Medical Virology 2006;16(1):5–36.PubMedCrossRef Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Reviews in Medical Virology 2006;16(1):5–36.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 1980;68(6):818–824.PubMedCrossRef Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non-A, non-B type. Am J Med 1980;68(6):818–824.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Running like water – the omnipresence of hepatitis E. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(23):2367–2368.PubMedCrossRef Emerson SU, Purcell RH. Running like water – the omnipresence of hepatitis E. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(23):2367–2368.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Arankalle VA, Tsarev SA, Chadha MS, Alling DW, Emerson SU, Banerjee K,et al. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. J Infect Dis 1995;171(2):447–450.PubMedCrossRef Arankalle VA, Tsarev SA, Chadha MS, Alling DW, Emerson SU, Banerjee K,et al. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. J Infect Dis 1995;171(2):447–450.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Belabbes EH, Bouguermouh A, Benatallah A, Illoul G. Epidemic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in Algeria: strong evidence for its spreading by water. Journal of Medical Virology 1985;16(3):257–263.PubMedCrossRef Belabbes EH, Bouguermouh A, Benatallah A, Illoul G. Epidemic non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in Algeria: strong evidence for its spreading by water. Journal of Medical Virology 1985;16(3):257–263.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E, Negusse Y, Alemu W,et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personnel in northern Ethiopia. Journal of Medical Virology 1991;34(4): 232–236.PubMedCrossRef Tsega E, Krawczynski K, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E, Negusse Y, Alemu W,et al. Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personnel in northern Ethiopia. Journal of Medical Virology 1991;34(4): 232–236.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Chau TN, Lai ST, Tse C, Ng TK, Leung VK, Lim W,et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis E as compared with hepatitis A. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(2):292–296.PubMedCrossRef Chau TN, Lai ST, Tse C, Ng TK, Leung VK, Lim W,et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of sporadic hepatitis E as compared with hepatitis A. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(2):292–296.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Khuroo MS, Teli MR, Skidmore S, Sofi MA, Khuroo MI. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 1981;70(2):252–255.PubMedCrossRef Khuroo MS, Teli MR, Skidmore S, Sofi MA, Khuroo MI. Incidence and severity of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Med 1981;70(2):252–255.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Dar MY, Moecklii R, Jameel S. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993;341(8856):1355.PubMed Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Dar MY, Moecklii R, Jameel S. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993;341(8856):1355.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, Mammen MP Jr, Thapa GB, Thapa N,et al. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(9):895–903.PubMedCrossRef Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, Mammen MP Jr, Thapa GB, Thapa N,et al. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(9):895–903.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Scaglioni PP, Melegari M, Wands JR. Recent advances in themolecular biology of hepatitis B virus. Bailliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology 1996;10(2):207–225.PubMedCrossRef Scaglioni PP, Melegari M, Wands JR. Recent advances in themolecular biology of hepatitis B virus. Bailliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology 1996;10(2):207–225.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Norder H, Courouce AM, Magnius LO. Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. Virology 1994; 198(2):489–503.PubMedCrossRef Norder H, Courouce AM, Magnius LO. Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. Virology 1994; 198(2):489–503.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lindh M, Andersson AS, Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus –large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997;175(6):1285–1293.PubMedCrossRef Lindh M, Andersson AS, Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt 1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus –large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997;175(6):1285–1293.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference De Franchis RHA, Lau G, Lavanchy D, Lok A, McIntyre N, Mele A,et al. EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. 13–14 September, 2002 Geneva, Switzerland. Consensus statement (long version). J Hepatol 2003;39(Suppl 1):S3–S25. De Franchis RHA, Lau G, Lavanchy D, Lok A, McIntyre N, Mele A,et al. EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. 13–14 September, 2002 Geneva, Switzerland. Consensus statement (long version). J Hepatol 2003;39(Suppl 1):S3–S25.
29.
30.
go back to reference Veldhuijzen I, Conyn-van Spaendonck M, Dorigo- Zetsma J. Seroprevalentie van hepatitis B en C in de Nederlandse bevolking. Infectieziekten Bulletin 1999; 10(9):182–184. Veldhuijzen I, Conyn-van Spaendonck M, Dorigo- Zetsma J. Seroprevalentie van hepatitis B en C in de Nederlandse bevolking. Infectieziekten Bulletin 1999; 10(9):182–184.
31.
go back to reference Stevens CE, Beasley RP, Tsui J, Lee WC. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975;292(15):771–774.PubMedCrossRef Stevens CE, Beasley RP, Tsui J, Lee WC. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975;292(15):771–774.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Judson FN,et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA 1990;263(9):1218–1222.PubMedCrossRef Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Judson FN,et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. Need for alternative vaccination strategies. JAMA 1990;263(9):1218–1222.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP,et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151(4):599–603.PubMedCrossRef McMahon BJ, Alward WL, Hall DB, Heyward WL, Bender TR, Francis DP,et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state. J Infect Dis 1985;151(4):599–603.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Sjogren MH, Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigenpositive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology 1987;92(6):1844–1850.PubMed Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Sjogren MH, Roumeliotou-Karayannis A, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigenpositive hepatitis in Greek adults. Gastroenterology 1987;92(6):1844–1850.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Chiou HY, Chu CM,et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2002;35(6):1522–1527.PubMedCrossRef Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Chiou HY, Chu CM,et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2002;35(6):1522–1527.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Coco B, Leandro G, Colombatto P, Gorin JM,et al. Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study. J Hepatol 2002;36(2):263–270.PubMedCrossRef Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Coco B, Leandro G, Colombatto P, Gorin JM,et al. Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study. J Hepatol 2002;36(2):263–270.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyannis S, Karayiannis P, McGarvey MJ, Makris A,et al. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989;2(8663):588–591.PubMedCrossRef Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyannis S, Karayiannis P, McGarvey MJ, Makris A,et al. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989;2(8663):588–591.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Alberti A,et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991;32(3):294–298.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Fattovich G, Brollo L, Giustina G, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Alberti A,et al. Natural history and prognostic factors for chronic hepatitis type B. Gut 1991;32(3):294–298.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Realdi G, Fattovich G, Hadziyannis S, Schalm SW, Almasio P, Sanchez-Tapias J,et al. Survival and prognostic factors in 366 patients with compensated cirrhosis type B: a multicenter study. The Investigators of the European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). J Hepatol 1994;21(4):656–666.PubMedCrossRef Realdi G, Fattovich G, Hadziyannis S, Schalm SW, Almasio P, Sanchez-Tapias J,et al. Survival and prognostic factors in 366 patients with compensated cirrhosis type B: a multicenter study. The Investigators of the European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). J Hepatol 1994;21(4):656–666.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Jongh FE de, Janssen HL, Man RA de, Hop WC, Schalm SW, Blankenstein M van. Survival and prognostic indicators in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 1992;103(5): 1630–1635.PubMed Jongh FE de, Janssen HL, Man RA de, Hop WC, Schalm SW, Blankenstein M van. Survival and prognostic indicators in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 1992;103(5): 1630–1635.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S35–S50.CrossRef Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S35–S50.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Janssen HL, Zonneveld M van, Senturk H, Zeuzem S, Akarca US, Cakaloglu Y,et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365(9454):123–129.PubMedCrossRef Janssen HL, Zonneveld M van, Senturk H, Zeuzem S, Akarca US, Cakaloglu Y,et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365(9454):123–129.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Lau GK, Tsiang M, Hou J, Yuen S, Carman WF, Zhang L,et al. Combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir for chronic hepatitis B-infected Chinese patients: a viral dynamics study. Hepatology 2000; 32(2):394–399.PubMedCrossRef Lau GK, Tsiang M, Hou J, Yuen S, Carman WF, Zhang L,et al. Combination therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir for chronic hepatitis B-infected Chinese patients: a viral dynamics study. Hepatology 2000; 32(2):394–399.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, Farci P, Hadziyannis S, Jin R,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2004;351(12):1206–1217.PubMedCrossRef Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, Farci P, Hadziyannis S, Jin R,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2004;351(12):1206–1217.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Flink HJ, Zonneveld M van, Hansen BE, Man RA de, Schalm SW, Janssen HL. Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(2):297–303.PubMedCrossRef Flink HJ, Zonneveld M van, Hansen BE, Man RA de, Schalm SW, Janssen HL. Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(2):297–303.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, Perrillo RP, Hann HW, Goodman Z,et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999;341(17):1256–1263.PubMedCrossRef Dienstag JL, Schiff ER, Wright TL, Perrillo RP, Hann HW, Goodman Z,et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States. N Engl J Med 1999;341(17):1256–1263.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, Chang TT, Guan R, Tai DI,et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339(2):61–68.PubMedCrossRef Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, Chang TT, Guan R, Tai DI,et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339(2):61–68.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, Hsu CW, Thongsawat S, Wang Y,et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(25):2576–2588.PubMedCrossRef Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, Hsu CW, Thongsawat S, Wang Y,et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(25):2576–2588.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang TT, Kitis G, Rizzetto M,et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348(9):800–807.PubMedCrossRef Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang TT, Kitis G, Rizzetto M,et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348(9):800–807.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, Tong MJ, Sievert W, Shiffman ML,et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348(9):808–816.PubMedCrossRef Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, Tong MJ, Sievert W, Shiffman ML,et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003;348(9):808–816.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Chang TT, Gish RG, Man R de, Gadano A, Sollano J, Chao YC,et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1001–1010.PubMedCrossRef Chang TT, Gish RG, Man R de, Gadano A, Sollano J, Chao YC,et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1001–1010.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Lai CL, Shouval D, Lok AS, Chang TT, Cheinquer H, Goodman Z,et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1011–1020.PubMedCrossRef Lai CL, Shouval D, Lok AS, Chang TT, Cheinquer H, Goodman Z,et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1011–1020.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, de Man RA,et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(23):2442–2455.PubMedCrossRef Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, de Man RA,et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(23):2442–2455.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Lok AS, Zoulim F, Locarnini S, Bartholomeusz A, Ghany MG, Pawlotsky JM,et al. Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management. Hepatology 2007;46(1):254–265.PubMedCrossRef Lok AS, Zoulim F, Locarnini S, Bartholomeusz A, Ghany MG, Pawlotsky JM,et al. Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management. Hepatology 2007;46(1):254–265.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Poland GA. Hepatitis B immunization in health care workers. Dealing with vaccine nonresponse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998;15(1):73–77.PubMedCrossRef Poland GA. Hepatitis B immunization in health care workers. Dealing with vaccine nonresponse. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998;15(1):73–77.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F,et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 1977;18(12):997–1003.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, Crivelli O, Trepo C, Bonino F,et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 1977;18(12):997–1003.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL, Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virusassociated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980;141(5):590–602.PubMedCrossRef Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL, Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virusassociated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980;141(5):590–602.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Wang KS, Choo QL, Weiner AJ, Ou JH, Najarian RC, Thayer RM,et al. Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta viral genome. Nature 1986; 323(6088):508–514.PubMedCrossRef Wang KS, Choo QL, Weiner AJ, Ou JH, Najarian RC, Thayer RM,et al. Structure, sequence and expression of the hepatitis delta viral genome. Nature 1986; 323(6088):508–514.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Niro GA, Smedile A, Andriulli A, Rizzetto M, Gerin JL, Casey JL. The predominance of hepatitis delta virus genotype I among chronically infected Italian patients. Hepatology 1997;25(3):728–734.PubMedCrossRef Niro GA, Smedile A, Andriulli A, Rizzetto M, Gerin JL, Casey JL. The predominance of hepatitis delta virus genotype I among chronically infected Italian patients. Hepatology 1997;25(3):728–734.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Gaeta GB, Stroffolini T, Chiaramonte M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Lobello S,et al. Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing disease? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology 2000;32(4 Pt 1):824–827.PubMedCrossRef Gaeta GB, Stroffolini T, Chiaramonte M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Lobello S,et al. Chronic hepatitis D: a vanishing disease? An Italian multicenter study. Hepatology 2000;32(4 Pt 1):824–827.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A, Forzani I. Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus: overview. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1991;364:1–20.PubMed Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A, Forzani I. Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus: overview. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1991;364:1–20.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Saracco G, Rosina F, Brunetto MR, Amoroso P, Caredda F, Farci P,et al. Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Hepatol 1987;5(3):274–281.PubMedCrossRef Saracco G, Rosina F, Brunetto MR, Amoroso P, Caredda F, Farci P,et al. Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Hepatol 1987;5(3):274–281.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G,et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut 2000;46(3): 420–426.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G,et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut 2000;46(3): 420–426.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Aragona M, Macagno S, Caredda F, Crivelli O, Lavarini C, Maran E,et al. Serological response to the hepatitis delta virus in hepatitis D. Lancet 1987;1(8531):478–480.PubMedCrossRef Aragona M, Macagno S, Caredda F, Crivelli O, Lavarini C, Maran E,et al. Serological response to the hepatitis delta virus in hepatitis D. Lancet 1987;1(8531):478–480.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Buti M, Esteban R, Jardi R, Esteban JI, Guardia J. Serological diagnosis of acute delta hepatitis. Journal of Medical Virology 1986;18(1):81–85.PubMedCrossRef Buti M, Esteban R, Jardi R, Esteban JI, Guardia J. Serological diagnosis of acute delta hepatitis. Journal of Medical Virology 1986;18(1):81–85.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Wu JC, Chen TZ, Huang YS, Yen FS, Ting LT, Sheng WY,et al. Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1995;108(3):796–802.PubMedCrossRef Wu JC, Chen TZ, Huang YS, Yen FS, Ting LT, Sheng WY,et al. Natural history of hepatitis D viral superinfection: significance of viremia detected by polymerase chain reaction. Gastroenterology 1995;108(3):796–802.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, Lai ME, Desmet V, Van Eyken P,et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med 1994;330(2):88–94.PubMedCrossRef Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, Lai ME, Desmet V, Van Eyken P,et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med 1994;330(2):88–94.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244(4902):359–362.PubMedCrossRef Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244(4902):359–362.PubMedCrossRef
72.
74.
go back to reference Hepatitis C – global prevalence (update). Rélève Épidemiologique Hebdomadaire/Section d’Hygiene du Secretariat de la Societé des Nations = Weekly Epidemiological Record/Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 1999;74(49):425–427. Hepatitis C – global prevalence (update). Rélève Épidemiologique Hebdomadaire/Section d’Hygiene du Secretariat de la Societé des Nations = Weekly Epidemiological Record/Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 1999;74(49):425–427.
76.
go back to reference Hattum J van. Health strategy on HCV in The Netherlands. Acta Gastro-enterologica Belgica 2002;65(2):115–117.PubMed Hattum J van. Health strategy on HCV in The Netherlands. Acta Gastro-enterologica Belgica 2002;65(2):115–117.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Alter MJ, Gerety RJ, Smallwood LA, Sampliner RE, Tabor E, Deinhardt F,et al. Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: frequency and epidemiology in an urban U.S. population. J Infect Dis 1982;145(6):886–893.PubMedCrossRef Alter MJ, Gerety RJ, Smallwood LA, Sampliner RE, Tabor E, Deinhardt F,et al. Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: frequency and epidemiology in an urban U.S. population. J Infect Dis 1982;145(6):886–893.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, Sasaki N, Hino K, Ishiwata C,et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. The Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330(11):744–750.PubMedCrossRef Ohto H, Terazawa S, Sasaki N, Sasaki N, Hino K, Ishiwata C,et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. The Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330(11):744–750.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Seeff LB. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S35–S46.CrossRef Seeff LB. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S35–S46.CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Tremolada F, Diodati G, Almasio P,et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective followup study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997;112(2): 463–472.PubMedCrossRef Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Tremolada F, Diodati G, Almasio P,et al. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective followup study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997;112(2): 463–472.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T, Erhardt A, Buschkamp M, Hurter D,et al. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. Hepatology 1998;28(6):1687–1695.PubMedCrossRef Niederau C, Lange S, Heintges T, Erhardt A, Buschkamp M, Hurter D,et al. Prognosis of chronic hepatitis C: results of a large, prospective cohort study. Hepatology 1998;28(6):1687–1695.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Planas R, Balleste B, Alvarez MA, Rivera M, Montoliu S, Galeras JA,et al. Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. A study of 200 patients. J Hepatol 2004;40(5):823–830.PubMedCrossRef Planas R, Balleste B, Alvarez MA, Rivera M, Montoliu S, Galeras JA,et al. Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. A study of 200 patients. J Hepatol 2004;40(5):823–830.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006;45(4):529–538.PubMedCrossRef Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJ, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006;45(4):529–538.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, Miller RH, Shih JW, Jett B,et al. A long-term study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;325(2): 98–104.PubMedCrossRef Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, Miller RH, Shih JW, Jett B,et al. A long-term study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;325(2): 98–104.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL Jr,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002;347(13):975–982.PubMedCrossRef Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL Jr,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002;347(13):975–982.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P,et al. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;140(5):346–355.PubMedCrossRef Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P,et al. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;140(5):346–355.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358(9286):958–965.PubMedCrossRef Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358(9286):958–965.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Zeuzem S, Hultcrantz R, Bourliere M, Goeser T, Marcellin P, Sanchez-Tapias J,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in previously untreated patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3. J Hepatol 2004;40(6):993–999.PubMedCrossRef Zeuzem S, Hultcrantz R, Bourliere M, Goeser T, Marcellin P, Sanchez-Tapias J,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in previously untreated patients infected with HCV genotypes 2 or 3. J Hepatol 2004;40(6):993–999.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Mangia A, Santoro R, Minerva N, Ricci GL, Carretta V, Persico M,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 12 vs. 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med 2005;352(25):2609–2617.PubMedCrossRef Mangia A, Santoro R, Minerva N, Ricci GL, Carretta V, Persico M,et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for 12 vs. 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med 2005;352(25):2609–2617.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Zeuzem S, Buti M, Ferenci P, Sperl J, Horsmans Y, Cianciara J,et al. Efficacy of 24 weeks treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 and low pretreatment viremia. J Hepatol 2006;44(1):97–103.PubMedCrossRef Zeuzem S, Buti M, Ferenci P, Sperl J, Horsmans Y, Cianciara J,et al. Efficacy of 24 weeks treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 and low pretreatment viremia. J Hepatol 2006;44(1):97–103.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference McHutchison JG, Bartenschlager R, Patel K, Pawlotsky JM. The face of future hepatitis C antiviral drug development: recent biological and virologic advances and their translation to drug development and clinical practice. J Hepatol 2006;44(2):411–421.PubMedCrossRef McHutchison JG, Bartenschlager R, Patel K, Pawlotsky JM. The face of future hepatitis C antiviral drug development: recent biological and virologic advances and their translation to drug development and clinical practice. J Hepatol 2006;44(2):411–421.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Linnen J, Wages J Jr, Zhang-Keck ZY, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H,et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusiontransmissible agent. Science 1996;271(5248):505–508.PubMedCrossRef Linnen J, Wages J Jr, Zhang-Keck ZY, Fry KE, Krawczynski KZ, Alter H,et al. Molecular cloning and disease association of hepatitis G virus: a transfusiontransmissible agent. Science 1996;271(5248):505–508.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1997; 241(1):92–97.PubMedCrossRef Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1997; 241(1):92–97.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
9 Virale hepatitis
Auteurs
J.G.P. Reijnders
Prof.dr. H.L.A. Janssen
Copyright
2009
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7437-3_9