Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

30-04-2020 | Original Paper

Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum and Early Employment-Related Experiences: Aspirations and Obstacles

Auteurs: Connie Anderson, Catherine Butt, Clare Sarsony

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 1/2021

Abstract

In the United States, employment outcomes for young adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are poor, with many unemployed, underemployed, or otherwise unable to achieve their potential regardless of cognitive ability. To explore employment expectations and experiences, qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 young adults with ASD and 28 parents. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method associated with a grounded theory approach. Three major themes emerged: Employment Aspirations and Potential, Challenges of Job Finding and Keeping, and Differing Parent and Young Adult Work-Related Roles and Views. Issues discussed include the need to foster meaningful pre-employment opportunities, acknowledge the role of families in employment issues, provide ASD-focused workplace support, and effectively coordinate intersecting systems (e.g., schools, agencies, employers).

vorige artikel Generalized Effects of Naturalistic Social Communication Intervention for Minimally Verbal Children with Autism

volgende artikel Do Implicit and Explicit Racial Biases Influence Autism Identification and Stigma? An Implicit Association Test Study

Abbas, J. (2012). A legacy of exploitation: Intellectual disability, unpaid labor, & disability services. New Politics, 14(53), 22–26.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.CrossRef

Anderson, C., & Butt, C. (2017). Young adults on the autism spectrum at college: Successes and stumbling blocks. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(10), 3029–3039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3218-x.CrossRefPubMed

Anderson, C., & Butt, C. (2018). Young adults on the autism spectrum: The struggle for appropriate services. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3912–3925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3673-z.CrossRefPubMed

Aspy, R., & Grossman, B. G. (2011). The Ziggurat model: A framework for designing comprehensive interventions for high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Shawnee: Autism Asperger Publishing Company.

Baldwin, S., Costley, D., & Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440–2449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2112-z.CrossRefPubMed

Blustein, D. L. (2008). The role of work in psychological health and well-being: A conceptual, historical, and public policy perspective. American Psychologist, 63(4), 228–240.CrossRef

Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality & Quantity, 36(4), 391–409.CrossRef

Buetow, S. (2010). Thematic analysis and its reconceptualization as ‘saliency analysis’. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(2), 123–125.CrossRef

Burgess, S., & Cimera, R. E. (2014). Employment outcomes of transition-aged adults with autism spectrum disorders: A state of the states report. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119(1), 64–83. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.1.64.CrossRefPubMed

Cheak-Zamora, N. C., Teti, M., & First, J. (2015). ‘Transitions are scary for our kids, and they’re scary for us’: Family member and youth perspectives on the challenges of transitioning to adulthood with autism. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 28, 548–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12150.CrossRefPubMed

Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C., & Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the research literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-014-0041-6.CrossRef

Chu, J. (2015). Why SAP wants to train and hire nearly 700 adults with autism. Inc. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.inc.com/jeff-chu/sap-autism-india.html

Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th ed.). New York: Sage Publications.

Croen, L. A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., Rich, S., Sidney, S., et al. (2015). The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315577517.CrossRefPubMed

d’Entremont, L., Gregor, M., Kirou, E., Nelligan, L., & Dennis, D. (2017). Developmental milestones for productivity occupations in children and youth: An integrative review. Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment, & Rehabilitation, 56(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12150.CrossRef

Duncan, A. W., & Bishop, S. L. (2015). Understanding the gap between cognitive abilities and daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders with average intelligence. Autism, 19(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313510068.CrossRefPubMed

Gerhardt, P. F., Cicero, F., & Mayville, E. (2014). Employment and related services for adults with autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, B. Reichow, & J. C. McPartland (Eds.), Adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders (pp. 105–119). New York: Springer.CrossRef

Glaser, B. G. (1965). The constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Social Problems, 12(4), 436–445.CrossRef

Hedley, D., Uljarevic, M., Cameron, L., Halder, S., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2017). Employment programmes and interventions targeting adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Autism, 21(8), 929–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316661855.CrossRefPubMed

Higher Education Opportunities Act, Publ. L. No. 110-315. (2008). Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-110publ315/pdf/PLAW-110publ315.pdf

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. Ch. 33. (2012). Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title20/chapter33&edition=prelim

Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC). (2017). 2016–2017 Interagency autism coordinating committee strategic plan for autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://iacc.hhs.gov/publications/strategic-plan/2017/

Johnson, T. D., & Joshi, A. (2014). Disclosure on the spectrum: Understanding disclosure among employees on the autism spectrum. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 7(2), 278–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12149.CrossRef

Kaufman, J. (2019). Mindset matters: Small business, entrepreneurship and the empowerment of the autism community. Forbes. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathankaufman/2019/04/18/mindset-matters-small-business-entrepreneurship-and-the-empowerment-of-the-autism-community/#4b20666440a7

Kenny, L., Hattersley, C., Molins, B., Buckely, C., Povey, C., & Pellicano, E. (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism, 20(4), 442–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315588200.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, S. S., Rozell, D. M., & Will, M. C. (2018). Addressing the policy tangle: Students with intellectual disability and the path to postsecondary education, employment and community living. Washington, DC: Inclusive Higher Education Committee.

Lewis, R. (2014). No greatness without goodness: How a father’s love changed a company and sparked a movement. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers.

Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New York: Sage Publications.CrossRef

Lorenz, T., & Heinitz, K. (2014). Asperger’s—Different, not less: Occupational strength and job interest of individuals with Asperger’s syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e100358. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100358.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ludlow, A., Skelly, C., & Rohleder, P. (2011). Challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(5), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105311422955.CrossRefPubMed

Marsack-Topolewski, C. N., & Graves, J. M. (2020). “I worry about his future!” Challenges to future planning for adult children with ASD. Journal of Family Social Work, 23(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2019.1578714.CrossRef

McDonough, J. T., & Revell, G. (2010). Accessing employment supports in the adult system for transitioning youth with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2010-0498.CrossRef

Migliore, A., Timmons, J., Butterworth, J., & Lugas, J. (2012). Predictors of employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55(3), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355212438943.CrossRef

Moore, E. J., & Schelling, A. (2015). Postsecondary inclusion for individuals with an intellectual disability and its effects on employment. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 19(2), 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629514564448.CrossRefPubMed

Murray, T. D. (2020). KeyBank workers with autism excel through new program that is model for others. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.cleveland.com/business/2020/02/delivering-results-workers-with-autism-find-and-excel-at-cleveland-jobs-program-at-keybank-expects-to-expand-to-other-employers.html

Nardick, B. (2019). How hiring disabled employees reduced turnover at my company. Fast Company. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.fastcompany.com/90445282/how-hiring-disabled-employees-reduced-turnover-at-my-company

Nicholas, D. B., Attridge, M., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Clarke, M. (2015). Vocational support approaches in autism spectrum disorder: A synthesis review of the literature. Autism, 19(2), 235–245.CrossRefPubMed

Nicholas, D. B., Mitchell, W., Dudley, C., Clarke, M., & Zulla, R. (2018). An ecosystem approach to employment and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313516548.CrossRefPubMed

Osgood, D. W., Ruth, G., Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Barber, B. L. (2005). Six paths to adulthood: Fast starters, parents without careers, educated partners, educated singles, working singles, and slow starters. In R. A. Settersten, F. F. Fursternberg, & R. G. Rumbaut (Eds.), On the frontier of adulthood: Theory, research, and public policy (pp. 320–355). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRef

Roux, A. M., Rast, J. E., & Shattuck, P. T. (2018). State-level variation in vocational rehabilitation service use and related outcomes among transition-age youth on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3793-5.CrossRef

Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 921–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.019.CrossRef

Santuzzi, A. M., Waltz, P. R., Finkelstein, L. M., & Rupp, D. E. (2014). Invisible disabilities: Unique challenges for employees and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 7(2), 204–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12134.CrossRef

Schall, C., Wehman, P., & Carr, S. (2014). Transition from high school to adulthood for adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, B. Reichow, & J. C. McPartland (Eds.), Adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders (pp. 41–60). New York: Springer.CrossRef

Shattuck, P. T., Narendorf, S. C., Cooper, B., Sterzing, P. R., Wagner, M., & Taylor, J. L. (2012). Postsecondary education and employment among youth with an autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 129(6), 1042–1049. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2864.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sosnowy, C., Silverman, C., & Shattuck, P. (2018). Parents’ and young adults’ perspectives on transition outcomes for young adults with autism. Autism, 22(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361317699585.CrossRefPubMed

Stolman, L. (2018). Entrepreneurship is how families are creating meaningful jobs for their children with autism spectrum disorder. Entrepreneur. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/321421

Taylor, J. L., & DaWalt, L. S. (2017). Brief report: Postsecondary work and educational disruptions for youth on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(12), 4025–4031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3305-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Taylor, J. L., Hodapp, R. M., Burke, M. M., Waitz-Kudla, S. N., & Rabideau, C. (2017). Training parents of youth with autism spectrum disorder to advocate for adult disability services: Results from a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(3), 846–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2994-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2012). Developing a vocational index for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2669–2679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1524-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

U.S. Department of Education. (2014). The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, Overview of Title IV: Amendments to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa/publications/wioa-changes-to-rehab-act.pdf

U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Transition and postsecondary programs for students with intellectual disabilities. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/tpsid/index.html

U.S. Department of Labor. (2019). Training and Employment Guidance Letter WIOA No. 14–15. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://wdr.doleta.gov/directives/attach/TEGL/tegl_14-15.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. (2019). Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act: WIOA Youth Program. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://youth.workforcegps.org/resources/2017/08/29/08/48/FactSheet

VanBergeijk, E. O., & Cavanagh, P. K. (2012). Brief report: New legislation supports students with intellectual disabilities in post-secondary funding. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(11), 2471–2475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1481-4.CrossRefPubMed

Walgreens. (n.d.). Disability inclusion. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.walgreens.com/opic/sr/sr_disability-inclusion.jsp

Wehman, P., Schall, C. M., McDonough, J., Graham, C., Brooke, V., Riehle, J. E., et al. (2017). Effects of an employer-based intervention on employment outcomes for youth with significant support needs due to autism. Autism, 21(3), 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316635826.CrossRefPubMed

Wei, X., Yu, J., Wagner, M., Hudson, L., Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P., et al. (2018). Job searching, job duration, and job loss among young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 48(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-170922.CrossRef

Whittenburg, H. N., Cimera, R. E., & Thoma, C. A. (2019). Comparing employment outcomes of young adults with autism: Does postsecondary educational experience matter? Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 32(2), 159–172.

Wilczynski, S. M., Trammell, B., & Clarke, L. S. (2013). Improving employment outcomes among adolescents and adults on the autism spectrum. Psychology in the Schools, 50(9), 876–887. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21718.CrossRef

Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, (WIOA) Publ. L. No. 113-128 (2014). Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-113publ128/html/PLAW-113publ128.htm.

Wong, P. S., Donelly, M., Neck, P. A., & Boyd, B. (2018). Positive autism: Investigation of workplace characteristics leading to a strength-based approach to employment of people with autism. Review of International Comparative Management, 19(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.24818/rmci.2018.1.15.CrossRef

Workforce Innovation Technical Assistance Center. (2016). Pre-employment transition services. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from https://www.wintac.org/topic-areas/pre-employment-transition-services

Titel: Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum and Early Employment-Related Experiences: Aspirations and Obstacles
Auteurs: Connie Anderson
Catherine Butt
Clare Sarsony
Publicatiedatum: 30-04-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 1/2021
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04513-4

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2021

IQ and Sensory Symptom Severity Best Predict Motor Ability in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Skin Picking in People with Prader–Willi Syndrome: Phenomenology and Management

Exploring Key Physiological System Profiles at Rest and the Association with Depressive Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Case Report: Is Catatonia a Clinical Feature of the Natural Progression of NLGN2-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder?

Brief Report: Classifying Rates of Students with Autism and Intellectual Disability in North Carolina: Roles of Race and Economic Disadvantage

Brief Report: Can a Composite Heart Rate Variability Biomarker Shed New Insights About Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-Aged Children?