Introduction
Method
Participants and Procedure
Assessment
Results
General Findings
Type of action | Sample narrative | n (%) |
---|---|---|
1. Performing physically risky action | Making a somersault from the diving board | 24 (14.3) |
2. Preventing injury of another person | Rescuing my little brother who fell in the swimming pool | 20 (11.9) |
3. Dealing with a feared animal | A dog was following me but I stayed calm and just walked on | 15 (8.9) |
4. Enduring pain or physical discomfort | My shoulder twisted out of socket and had to be placed back | 12 (7.1) |
5. Helping or saving a pet | I saved a cat from a tree | 11 (6.5) |
6. Dealing with a scary person | A homeless person came up to me. I did not walk away but said to him that I had no money | 10 (6.0) |
Doing scary things in the dark | I biked home through the dark wood at night | 10 (6.0) |
7. Helping another person | My mother was sick and I went shopping for her in the mall | 9 (5.4) |
Standing up to others | I told the referee that he was unfair to my football team | 9 (5.4) |
8. Going in a roller coaster | In an amusement park, I went in ‘the Python’ and made several loopings | 7 (4.2) |
Helping another person being assaulted | My friend was beaten up by a boy and I pushed the bully away | 7 (4.2) |
9. Dealing with dangerous environment | I crossed the river by walking on a wobbly dam | 6 (3.6) |
10. Engaging in unacceptable behavior | I stole money from my mother’s purse | 3 (1.8) |
Performing a courageous action during sports | I was goalkeeper during football and saved a very hard shot | 3 (1.8) |
Performing a disgusting action | I cleaned up my brother’s vomit | 3 (1.8) |
11. Performing in public | I had to do an audition for a musical | 2 (1.2) |
Performing a difficult task | I removed a virus from my computer | 2 (1.2) |
Total group | Boys | Girls | α | r with CM-C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 (N = 168) | |||||
CM-C | 32.30 (6.04) | 33.36 (5.85)a
| 31.32 (6.08)b
| 0.73 | – |
Courage vignettes | 35.07 (5.59) | 36.06 (5.31)a
| 34.14 (5.73)b
| 0.64 | 0.46** |
BFQ-C extraversion | 33.11 (6.36) | 32.23 (5.93)a
| 33.93 (6.67)a
| 0.79 | 0.37** |
BFQ-C agreeableness | 33.20 (6.45) | 31.98 (6.68)a
| 34.34 (6.05)b
| 0.83 | 0.15 |
BFQ-C conscientiousness | 34.43 (6.31) | 32.63 (6.30)a
| 36.12 (5.88)b
| 0.81 | 0.18* |
BFQ-C neuroticism | 22.93 (5.81) | 23.28 (5.67)a
| 22.60 (5.96)a
| 0.77 | 0.04 |
BFQ-C openness/intellect | 31.44 (6.36) | 31.37 (6.42)a
| 31.51 (6.35)a
| 0.76 | 0.33** |
ABVK social desirability | 3.47 (1.60) | 3.37 (1.50)a
| 3.56 (1.70)a
| 0.40 | −0.08 |
SCARED total anxiety | 21.86 (12.35) | 18.92 (10.94)a
| 24.60 (13.00)b
| 0.91 | −0.30** |
Sample 2 (N = 159) | |||||
CM-C | 27.68 (8.18) | 30.92 (8.27)a
| 25.13 (7.18)b
| 0.86 | – |
CM-C parent version | 24.09 (6.45) | 24.56 (7.40)a
| 23.73 (5.61)a
| 0.78 | 0.45** |
CSRI masculinity | 23.87 (4.33) | 26.20 (3.73)a
| 22.04 (3.89)b
| 0.66 | 0.50** |
CSRI femininity | 27.53 (4.94) | 25.51 (4.61)a
| 29.11 (4.63)b
| 0.78 | 0.07 |
Relationships Between Courage as Indexed by the CM-C and the Other Measures
Additional Analyses
B
| SE | β |
∆R
2
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Courage (CM-C) | ||||
Step 1 | 0.03* | |||
Sex | −2.04 | 0.92 | −0.17* | |
Step 2 | 0.21** | |||
Extraversion | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.42** | |
Agreeableness | −0.24 | 0.10 | −0.26* | |
Conscientiousness | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | |
Neuroticism | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 | |
Openness/intellect | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.21* |
B
| SE | β |
∆R
2
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety disorder symptoms (SCARED) | ||||
Step 1 | 0.05* | |||
Sex | 5.67 | 1.86 | 0.23* | |
Step 2 | 0.36** | |||
Extraversion | −0.56 | 0.16 | −0.29** | |
Agreeableness | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.10 | |
Conscientiousness | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.05 | |
Neuroticism | 1.24 | 0.14 | 0.59** | |
Openness/intellect | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | |
Step 3 | 0.05** | |||
Courage | −0.53 | 0.14 | −0.26** |