Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

20-03-2021 | Empirical Research

Who Is Exposed to Harmful Online Content? The Role of Risk and Protective Factors Among Czech, Finnish, and Spanish Adolescents

Auteurs: Nikol Kvardova, David Smahel, Hana Machackova, Kaveri Subrahmanyam

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 12/2021

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Although adolescents’ exposure to harmful online content has been linked to decreased subjective well-being and offline risky behaviors, there is limited research on the factors that underlie such problematic online behavior. Using the conceptual framework of Problem Behavior Theory, this study examined the role of risk (i.e., emotional problems, sensation seeking) and protective (i.e., the quality of family environment, social support from friends) factors in exposure to harmful online content among 4473 12- to 16-year-olds (M = 13.9, SD = 1.3, 49% girls) in the Czech Republic, Finland, and Spain. Individual country samples included 1848 adolescents from the Czech Republic (age: M = 14, SD = 1.4; 51% girls), 788 from Finland (age: M = 13.9, SD = 1.3; 52% girls), and 1837 from Spain (age: M = 13.5, SD = 1.2; 47% girls). In all of the sampled countries, emotional problems and sensation seeking served as risk factors, whereas good family relationships were protective. In some countries, the effects of emotional problems and sensation seeking were moderated by the quality of the family environment and social support from friends. These moderating effects suggest that individual risk factors for exposure to harmful online content may be buffered by a positive family environment and friends’ support. The findings revealed similarities in the risk and protective factors underlying online problem behavior across three different countries. They demonstrate that the mechanisms proposed by Problem Behavior Theory can help to understand the etiology of adolescent problem behavior across different countries as well as offline and online contexts.
Literatuur
go back to reference Bekir, S. & Celik, S. (2019). Examining the factors contributing to adolescents’ online game addiction. Annals of Psychology, 35(3), 444–452 Bekir, S. & Celik, S. (2019). Examining the factors contributing to adolescents’ online game addiction. Annals of Psychology, 35(3), 444–452
go back to reference de Looze, M., ter Bogt, T. F. M., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Pickett, W., Kuntsche, E., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2015). Cross-national evidence for the clustering and psychosocial correlates of adolescent risk behaviours in 27 countries. European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku083CrossRefPubMed de Looze, M., ter Bogt, T. F. M., Raaijmakers, Q. A. W., Pickett, W., Kuntsche, E., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2015). Cross-national evidence for the clustering and psychosocial correlates of adolescent risk behaviours in 27 countries. European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 50–56. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurpub/​cku083CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Grob, A., Stetsenko, A., Sabatier, C., Botcheva, L., & Macek, P. (1999). A Cross National Model of subjective well-being in adolescents. In F. D. Alsake & A. Flammer (Eds.), European and American adolescents in the 1990s (pp. 115–130). Lawrence Erlbaum Grob, A., Stetsenko, A., Sabatier, C., Botcheva, L., & Macek, P. (1999). A Cross National Model of subjective well-being in adolescents. In F. D. Alsake & A. Flammer (Eds.), European and American adolescents in the 1990s (pp. 115–130). Lawrence Erlbaum
go back to reference Harper, K., Sperry, S., & Thompson, J. K. (2008). Viewership of pro-eating disorder websites: association with body image and eating disturbances. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(1), 92–95CrossRefPubMed Harper, K., Sperry, S., & Thompson, J. K. (2008). Viewership of pro-eating disorder websites: association with body image and eating disturbances. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41(1), 92–95CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behaviour in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597–605CrossRef Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behaviour in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597–605CrossRef
go back to reference Jessor, R. (2008). Description versus explanation in cross-national research on adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 527–528CrossRef Jessor, R. (2008). Description versus explanation in cross-national research on adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(6), 527–528CrossRef
go back to reference Jessor, R. (2014). Problem behavior theory: a half century of research on adolescent behavior and development. In R. Lerner, A. C. Petersen, R. K. Silbereisen, & J. Brooks-Gun (Eds.), The developmental science of adolescence: history through autobiography (pp. 239–536). Psychology Press. Jessor, R. (2014). Problem behavior theory: a half century of research on adolescent behavior and development. In R. Lerner, A. C. Petersen, R. K. Silbereisen, & J. Brooks-Gun (Eds.), The developmental science of adolescence: history through autobiography (pp. 239–536). Psychology Press.
go back to reference Keipi, T., Näsi, M., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017). Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives. Routledge. Keipi, T., Näsi, M., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017). Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives. Routledge.
go back to reference Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children. Full findings. LSE, London: EU Kids Online Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children. Full findings. LSE, London: EU Kids Online
go back to reference Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New media & society, 12(2), 309–329CrossRef Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New media & society, 12(2), 309–329CrossRef
go back to reference Muthén, L. K. & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén Muthén, L. K. & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén
go back to reference Răcătău, I.-M. (2013). Adolescents and identity formation in a risky online environment. The role of negative user-generated and xenophobic websites. Journal of Media Research, 6(3), 16–36 Răcătău, I.-M. (2013). Adolescents and identity formation in a risky online environment. The role of negative user-generated and xenophobic websites. Journal of Media Research, 6(3), 16–36
go back to reference Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Shulman, E. P., Breiner, K., Chein, J., Bacchini, D., Chang, L., Chaudhary, N., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., & Alampay, L. P. (2018). Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation. Developmental Science, 21(2), https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12532 Steinberg, L., Icenogle, G., Shulman, E. P., Breiner, K., Chein, J., Bacchini, D., Chang, L., Chaudhary, N., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Fanti, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., & Alampay, L. P. (2018). Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation. Developmental Science, 21(2), https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​desc.​12532
go back to reference Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth. The role of media in development. Springer. Subrahmanyam, K., & Smahel, D. (2011). Digital youth. The role of media in development. Springer.
go back to reference Vazsonyi, A. T., Chen, P., Jenkins, D. D., Burcu, E., Torrente, G., & Sheu, C. J. (2010). Jessor’s problem behavior theory: cross-national evidence from Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1779–1791. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020682CrossRefPubMed Vazsonyi, A. T., Chen, P., Jenkins, D. D., Burcu, E., Torrente, G., & Sheu, C. J. (2010). Jessor’s problem behavior theory: cross-national evidence from Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1779–1791. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1037/​a0020682CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., Sittichai, R., Singh, R., Biswal, R., Kim, E. M., Yang, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., & Maziridou, E. (2019). Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate in eight countries: the buffering effects of problem-focused coping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203992 Wachs, S., Wright, M. F., Sittichai, R., Singh, R., Biswal, R., Kim, E. M., Yang, S., Gámez-Guadix, M., Almendros, C., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., & Maziridou, E. (2019). Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate in eight countries: the buffering effects of problem-focused coping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20). https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​ijerph16203992
go back to reference WHO. (2016). Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people’ s health and well-being. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2013/2014 survey. In: J. C. Inchley, D. B. Currie, T. Young, O. Samdal, T. Torsheim, L. Augustson, V. Barnekow, (Eds.), Health Policy for Children and Adolescents (Vol. 7). WHO Regional Office for Europe WHO. (2016). Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people’ s health and well-being. Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2013/2014 survey. In: J. C. Inchley, D. B. Currie, T. Young, O. Samdal, T. Torsheim, L. Augustson, V. Barnekow, (Eds.), Health Policy for Children and Adolescents (Vol. 7). WHO Regional Office for Europe
go back to reference Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2015). Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure [Paper presentation]. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Korea. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702240 Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2015). Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure [Paper presentation]. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seoul, Korea. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1145/​2702123.​2702240
Metagegevens
Titel
Who Is Exposed to Harmful Online Content? The Role of Risk and Protective Factors Among Czech, Finnish, and Spanish Adolescents
Auteurs
Nikol Kvardova
David Smahel
Hana Machackova
Kaveri Subrahmanyam
Publicatiedatum
20-03-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 12/2021
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01422-2