Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2/2018

12-10-2017 | Original Paper

White Matter Microstructure of the Human Mirror Neuron System is Related to Symptom Severity in Adults with Autism

Auteurs: Odette Fründt, Robert Schulz, Daniel Schöttle, Bastian Cheng, Götz Thomalla, Hanna Braaß, Christos Ganos, Nicole David, Ina Peiker, Andreas K. Engel, Tobias Bäumer, Alexander Münchau

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 2/2018

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Mirror neuron system (MNS) dysfunctions might underlie deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Diffusion tensor imaging based probabilistic tractography was conducted in 15 adult ASD patients and 13 matched, healthy controls. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was quantified to assess group differences in tract-related white matter microstructure of both the classical MNS route (mediating “emulation”) and the alternative temporo-frontal route (mediating “mimicry”). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate structure–function relationships between MNS connections and ASD symptom severity. There were no significant group differences in tract-related FA indicating an intact classical MNS in ASD. Direct temporo-frontal connections could not be reconstructed challengeing the concept of multiple routes for imitation. Tract-related FA of right-hemispheric parieto-frontal connections was negatively related to autism symptom severity.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Dsm-IV-Tr (Text Revision) (4th edn. ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Press Inc. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Dsm-IV-Tr (Text Revision) (4th edn. ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Press Inc.
go back to reference Aziz-Zadeh, L., Cattaneo, L., Rochat, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Covert speech arrest induced by rTMS over both motor and nonmotor left hemisphere frontal sites. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(6), 928–938. doi:10.1162/0898929054021157.CrossRefPubMed Aziz-Zadeh, L., Cattaneo, L., Rochat, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Covert speech arrest induced by rTMS over both motor and nonmotor left hemisphere frontal sites. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(6), 928–938. doi:10.​1162/​0898929054021157​.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Aziz-Zadeh, L., Iacoboni, M., Zaidel, E., Wilson, S., & Mazziotta, J. (2004). Left hemisphere motor facilitation in response to manual action sounds. The European Journal of Neuroscience 0953-816X (P), 19(9), 2609–2612. doi:10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03348.x. Aziz-Zadeh, L., Iacoboni, M., Zaidel, E., Wilson, S., & Mazziotta, J. (2004). Left hemisphere motor facilitation in response to manual action sounds. The European Journal of Neuroscience 0953-816X (P), 19(9), 2609–2612. doi:10.​1111/​j.​0953-816X.​2004.​03348.​x.
go back to reference Aziz-Zadeh, L., Koski, L., Zaidel, E., Mazziotta, J., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Lateralization of the human mirror neuron system. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 26(11), 2964–2970. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2921-05.2006.CrossRef Aziz-Zadeh, L., Koski, L., Zaidel, E., Mazziotta, J., & Iacoboni, M. (2006). Lateralization of the human mirror neuron system. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 26(11), 2964–2970. doi:10.​1523/​JNEUROSCI.​2921-05.​2006.CrossRef
go back to reference Aziz-Zadeh, L., Maeda, F., Zaidel, E., Mazziotta, J., & Iacoboni, M. (2002). Lateralization in motor facilitation during action observation: A TMS study. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale, 144(1), 127–131. doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1037-5.CrossRefPubMed Aziz-Zadeh, L., Maeda, F., Zaidel, E., Mazziotta, J., & Iacoboni, M. (2002). Lateralization in motor facilitation during action observation: A TMS study. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale, 144(1), 127–131. doi:10.​1007/​s00221-002-1037-5.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bakroon, A., & Lakshminarayanan, V. (2016). Visual function in autism spectrum disorders: A critical review. Clinical & Experimental Optometry: Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association, 99(4), 297–308. doi:10.1111/cxo.12383.CrossRef Bakroon, A., & Lakshminarayanan, V. (2016). Visual function in autism spectrum disorders: A critical review. Clinical & Experimental Optometry: Journal of the Australian Optometrical Association, 99(4), 297–308. doi:10.​1111/​cxo.​12383.CrossRef
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 361–374. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 361–374. doi:10.​1098/​rstb.​2002.​1206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.CrossRefPubMed Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ben Bashat, D. (2011). Abnormal developmental trajectories of white matter in autism—The contribution of MRI. In V. Eapen (Ed.), Autism—A Neurodevelopmental journey from genes to behaviour: Rijeka: InTech. Ben Bashat, D. (2011). Abnormal developmental trajectories of white matter in autism—The contribution of MRI. In V. Eapen (Ed.), Autism—A Neurodevelopmental journey from genes to behaviour: Rijeka: InTech.
go back to reference Chien, H. Y., Gau, S. S., Hsu, Y. C., Chen, Y. J., Lo, Y. C., Shih, Y. C., et al. (2015). Altered cortical thickness and tract integrity of the mirror neuron system and associated social communication in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 8(6), 694–708. doi:10.1002/aur.1484.CrossRefPubMed Chien, H. Y., Gau, S. S., Hsu, Y. C., Chen, Y. J., Lo, Y. C., Shih, Y. C., et al. (2015). Altered cortical thickness and tract integrity of the mirror neuron system and associated social communication in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 8(6), 694–708. doi:10.​1002/​aur.​1484.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Braun, K. V., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries/CDC, 65(3), 1–23. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6503a1.CrossRef Christensen, D. L., Baio, J., Braun, K. V., Bilder, D., Charles, J., Constantino, J. N., et al. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries/CDC, 65(3), 1–23. doi:10.​15585/​mmwr.​ss6503a1.CrossRef
go back to reference Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., et al. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1), 28–30. doi:10.1038/nn1611.CrossRefPubMed Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., et al. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1), 28–30. doi:10.​1038/​nn1611.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference De Fosse, L., Hodge, S. M., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S. Jr., McGrath, L., et al. (2004). Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment. Annals of Neurology, 56(6), 757–766. doi:10.1002/ana.20275.CrossRefPubMed De Fosse, L., Hodge, S. M., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S. Jr., McGrath, L., et al. (2004). Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment. Annals of Neurology, 56(6), 757–766. doi:10.​1002/​ana.​20275.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., et al. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33(3), 341–355.CrossRefPubMed Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., et al. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33(3), 341–355.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011.CrossRefPubMed Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., et al. (1989). The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 16(9), 1276–1282. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj069.CrossRef Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006). Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 16(9), 1276–1282. doi:10.​1093/​cercor/​bhj069.CrossRef
go back to reference Hamilton, A. F., & Grafton, S. T. (2007). The motor hierarchy: From kinematics to goals and intentions. In P. Haggard;, Y. Rosetti; & M. Kawato, (Eds.), Attention and Performance xxii (pp. 1–29). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hamilton, A. F., & Grafton, S. T. (2007). The motor hierarchy: From kinematics to goals and intentions. In P. Haggard;, Y. Rosetti; & M. Kawato, (Eds.), Attention and Performance xxii (pp. 1–29). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(6), 223–233.CrossRefPubMed Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(6), 223–233.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hecht, E. E., Gutman, D. A., Preuss, T. M., Sanchez, M. M., Parr, L. A., & Rilling, J. K. (2013). Process versus product in social learning: Comparative diffusion tensor imaging of neural systems for action execution-observation matching in macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 23(5), 1014–1024. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs097.CrossRef Hecht, E. E., Gutman, D. A., Preuss, T. M., Sanchez, M. M., Parr, L. A., & Rilling, J. K. (2013). Process versus product in social learning: Comparative diffusion tensor imaging of neural systems for action execution-observation matching in macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 23(5), 1014–1024. doi:10.​1093/​cercor/​bhs097.CrossRef
go back to reference Herbert, M. R., Harris, G. J., Adrien, K. T., Ziegler, D. A., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., et al. (2002). Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism. Annals of Neurology, 52(5), 588–596. doi:10.1002/ana.10349.CrossRefPubMed Herbert, M. R., Harris, G. J., Adrien, K. T., Ziegler, D. A., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., et al. (2002). Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism. Annals of Neurology, 52(5), 588–596. doi:10.​1002/​ana.​10349.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286(5449), 2526–2528.CrossRefPubMed Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286(5449), 2526–2528.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Izawa, J., Pekny, S. E., Marko, M. K., Haswell, C. C., Shadmehr, R., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2012). Motor learning relies on integrated sensory inputs in ADHD, but over-selectively on proprioception in autism spectrum conditions. Autism Research, 5(2), 124–136. doi:10.1002/aur.1222.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Izawa, J., Pekny, S. E., Marko, M. K., Haswell, C. C., Shadmehr, R., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2012). Motor learning relies on integrated sensory inputs in ADHD, but over-selectively on proprioception in autism spectrum conditions. Autism Research, 5(2), 124–136. doi:10.​1002/​aur.​1222.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Lehrl, S. (2005). Mehrfachwach-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B (5th edn). Balingen: Spitta. Lehrl, S. (2005). Mehrfachwach-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B (5th edn). Balingen: Spitta.
go back to reference Mattis, S. (1988). Dementia rating scale: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Mattis, S. (1988). Dementia rating scale: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
go back to reference Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97–113.CrossRefPubMed Oldfield, R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97–113.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ramachandran, V. S., & Oberman, L. M. (2006). Broken mirrors: A theory of autism. Scientific American, 295(5), 62–69.CrossRefPubMed Ramachandran, V. S., & Oberman, L. M. (2006). Broken mirrors: A theory of autism. Scientific American, 295(5), 62–69.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Retz-Junginger, P., Retz, W., Blocher, D., Weijers, H. -G., Trott, G. -E., Wender, P. H., Rössler, M. (2002). Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k) Die deutsche Kurzform zur retrospektiven Erfassung des hyperkinetischen Syndroms bei Erwachsenen. Der Nervenarzt, 73(9), 830–838.CrossRef Retz-Junginger, P., Retz, W., Blocher, D., Weijers, H. -G., Trott, G. -E., Wender, P. H., Rössler, M. (2002). Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k) Die deutsche Kurzform zur retrospektiven Erfassung des hyperkinetischen Syndroms bei Erwachsenen. Der Nervenarzt, 73(9), 830–838.CrossRef
go back to reference Rizzolatti, G., Cattaneo, L., Fabbri-Destro, M., & Rozzi, S. (2014). Cortical mechanisms underlying the organization of goal-directed actions and mirror neuron-based action understanding. Physiological Reviews, 94(2), 655–706. doi:10.1152/physrev.00009.2013.CrossRefPubMed Rizzolatti, G., Cattaneo, L., Fabbri-Destro, M., & Rozzi, S. (2014). Cortical mechanisms underlying the organization of goal-directed actions and mirror neuron-based action understanding. Physiological Reviews, 94(2), 655–706. doi:10.​1152/​physrev.​00009.​2013.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Matelli, M., Bettinardi, V., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., et al. (1996). Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 1. Observation versus execution. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 111(2), 246–252.CrossRefPubMed Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Matelli, M., Bettinardi, V., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., et al. (1996). Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 1. Observation versus execution. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale, 111(2), 246–252.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rosler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P., Thome, J., Supprian, T., Nissen, T., et al. (2004). [Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist]. Der Nervenarzt, 75(9), 888–895. doi:10.1007/s00115-003-1622-2.CrossRefPubMed Rosler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P., Thome, J., Supprian, T., Nissen, T., et al. (2004). [Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist]. Der Nervenarzt, 75(9), 888–895. doi:10.​1007/​s00115-003-1622-2.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schaipp, C. (2001). Validität und diagnostische Brauchbarkeit ausgewählter indirekter und direkter Befragungsmethoden zur Diagnostik von Aggressivität, Neurotizismus bzw. psychischer Stabilität. München: Herbert Utz Verlag. Schaipp, C. (2001). Validität und diagnostische Brauchbarkeit ausgewählter indirekter und direkter Befragungsmethoden zur Diagnostik von Aggressivität, Neurotizismus bzw. psychischer Stabilität. München: Herbert Utz Verlag.
go back to reference Schulz, R., Frey, B. M., Koch, P., Zimerman, M., Bonstrup, M., Feldheim, J., et al. (2015a). Cortico-cerebellar structural connectivity is related to residual motor output in chronic stroke. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991). doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv251. Schulz, R., Frey, B. M., Koch, P., Zimerman, M., Bonstrup, M., Feldheim, J., et al. (2015a). Cortico-cerebellar structural connectivity is related to residual motor output in chronic stroke. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991). doi:10.​1093/​cercor/​bhv251.
go back to reference Schulz, R., Koch, P., Zimerman, M., Wessel, M., Bonstrup, M., Thomalla, G., et al. (2015b). Parietofrontal motor pathways and their association with motor function after stroke. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 138(Pt 7), 1949–1960. doi:10.1093/brain/awv100.CrossRef Schulz, R., Koch, P., Zimerman, M., Wessel, M., Bonstrup, M., Thomalla, G., et al. (2015b). Parietofrontal motor pathways and their association with motor function after stroke. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 138(Pt 7), 1949–1960. doi:10.​1093/​brain/​awv100.CrossRef
go back to reference Schunke, O., Schottle, D., Vettorazzi, E., Brandt, V., Kahl, U., Baumer, T., et al. (2015). Mirror me: Imitative responses in adults with autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice. doi:10.1177/1362361315571757. Schunke, O., Schottle, D., Vettorazzi, E., Brandt, V., Kahl, U., Baumer, T., et al. (2015). Mirror me: Imitative responses in adults with autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice. doi:10.​1177/​1362361315571757​.
go back to reference Verly, M., Verhoeven, J., Zink, I., Mantini, D., Van Oudenhove, L., Lagae, L., et al. (2014). Structural and functional underconnectivity as a negative predictor for language in autism. Human Brain Mapping, 35(8), 3602–3615. doi:10.1002/hbm.22424.CrossRefPubMed Verly, M., Verhoeven, J., Zink, I., Mantini, D., Van Oudenhove, L., Lagae, L., et al. (2014). Structural and functional underconnectivity as a negative predictor for language in autism. Human Brain Mapping, 35(8), 3602–3615. doi:10.​1002/​hbm.​22424.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference von dem Hagen, E. A., Nummenmaa, L., Yu, R., Engell, A. D., Ewbank, M. P., & Calder, A. J. (2011). Autism spectrum traits in the typical population predict structure and function in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 21(3), 493–500. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq062.CrossRef von dem Hagen, E. A., Nummenmaa, L., Yu, R., Engell, A. D., Ewbank, M. P., & Calder, A. J. (2011). Autism spectrum traits in the typical population predict structure and function in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. Cerebral cortex (New York, N. Y.: 1991), 21(3), 493–500. doi:10.​1093/​cercor/​bhq062.CrossRef
go back to reference Williams, J. H., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25(4), 287–295.CrossRefPubMed Williams, J. H., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25(4), 287–295.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wittchen, H. U., Zaudig, M., & Fydrich, T. (1997). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Wittchen, H. U., Zaudig, M., & Fydrich, T. (1997). Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
go back to reference Yang, J., & Hofmann, J. (2015). Action observation and imitation in autism spectrum disorders: An ALE meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Brain Imaging and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9456-7. Yang, J., & Hofmann, J. (2015). Action observation and imitation in autism spectrum disorders: An ALE meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Brain Imaging and Behavior. doi:10.​1007/​s11682-015-9456-7.
Metagegevens
Titel
White Matter Microstructure of the Human Mirror Neuron System is Related to Symptom Severity in Adults with Autism
Auteurs
Odette Fründt
Robert Schulz
Daniel Schöttle
Bastian Cheng
Götz Thomalla
Hanna Braaß
Christos Ganos
Nicole David
Ina Peiker
Andreas K. Engel
Tobias Bäumer
Alexander Münchau
Publicatiedatum
12-10-2017
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 2/2018
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3332-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 2/2018

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2/2018 Naar de uitgave