Skip to main content
Top

2022 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

2. Wat is dissociatie?

Auteurs : De la Rie, Snip-van Wageningen

Gepubliceerd in: Trauma en dissociatie

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Samenvatting

Dissociatie kenmerkt zich door een ontkoppeling of onderbreking van functies zoals bewustzijn, geheugen, zelfbeleving, maar ook zintuigelijke waarneming, beweging en lichaamsbeleving. Dissociatie wordt gezien als een reactie op een dreiging waaruit men niet kan ontsnappen, in het vijfde of zesde stadium van de verdedigingscasade. Niet iedereen dissocieert in reactie op een trauma. De gevoeligheid om te dissociëren hangt onder meer af van aanleg en de ervaringen tijdens de ontwikkeling. Naarmate iemand opgroeit in een onveilige omgeving en meer trauma’s heeft meegemaakt, neemt de kans op gevoeligheid voor dissociatie toe. Dissociatie omvat onder meer het vergeten van delen van een ervaring of tijd kwijtraken, je buiten jezelf of de wereld voelen staan, jezelf beleven als gefragmenteerd, of een deel van je lichaam niet meer voelen. In andere culturen kan men dissociatie opvatten als een trance of toeschrijven aan bezetenheid door geesten. Dissociatie kan optreden tijdens een traumatische ervaring, maar ook daarna. Als iemand gevoelig is voor dissociatie kunnen zich tijdens een traumabehandeling ook dissociatieve reacties voordoen en het is daarom belangrijk om ze te herkennen en te behandelen.
Literatuur
go back to reference Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019). Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: A narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. Frontiers Psychiatry, 10, 118.CrossRef Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019). Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: A narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. Frontiers Psychiatry, 10, 118.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). DSM-5.
go back to reference Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: A practical guide. Oxford University Press. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: A practical guide. Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Bob, P. (2003). Dissociation and neuroscience: History and new perspectives. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 903–914.CrossRef Bob, P. (2003). Dissociation and neuroscience: History and new perspectives. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 903–914.CrossRef
go back to reference Briere, J., Scott, C., & Weathers, W. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2295–2301.CrossRef Briere, J., Scott, C., & Weathers, W. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2295–2301.CrossRef
go back to reference Corrigan, F. M., Fisher, J. J., & Nutt, D. J. (2011). Autonomic dysregulation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of complex emotional trauma. Journal of Psychopharmacology 0(00),1–9. Corrigan, F. M., Fisher, J. J., & Nutt, D. J. (2011). Autonomic dysregulation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of complex emotional trauma. Journal of Psychopharmacology 0(00),1–9.
go back to reference De Jonghe, F., Dekker, J., & Goris, C. (1997). Steun, stress, kracht en kwetsbaarheid in de psychiatrie. Van Gorcum. De Jonghe, F., Dekker, J., & Goris, C. (1997). Steun, stress, kracht en kwetsbaarheid in de psychiatrie. Van Gorcum.
go back to reference Dimitrova, L., Fernando, V., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2020). Sleep, trauma, fantasy and cognition in dissociative identity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy controls: A replication and extension study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1705599.CrossRef Dimitrova, L., Fernando, V., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2020). Sleep, trauma, fantasy and cognition in dissociative identity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy controls: A replication and extension study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1705599.CrossRef
go back to reference Gilmore, K., & Meersand, P. (2014). Normal child and adolescent development, a psychodynamic primer. American psychiatric publishing. Gilmore, K., & Meersand, P. (2014). Normal child and adolescent development, a psychodynamic primer. American psychiatric publishing.
go back to reference Guerin-Marion, C., Sezlik, S., & Bureau, J. F. (2020). Developmental and attachment-based perspectives on dissociation: Beyond the effects of maltreatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1802908.CrossRef Guerin-Marion, C., Sezlik, S., & Bureau, J. F. (2020). Developmental and attachment-based perspectives on dissociation: Beyond the effects of maltreatment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1802908.CrossRef
go back to reference Hagenaars, M. A., Fisch, I. & Van Minnen, A. (2011). The effect of trauma onset and frequency on PTSD associated symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 192–199. Hagenaars, M. A., Fisch, I. & Van Minnen, A. (2011). The effect of trauma onset and frequency on PTSD associated symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 192–199.
go back to reference Huang, Y. L., Fonagy, P., Feigenbaumb, J., Montaguec, P. R., & Noltec, T. (2020). Multidirectional pathways between attachment, mentalizing, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in the context of childhood trauma. Psychopathology, 53, 48–58.CrossRef Huang, Y. L., Fonagy, P., Feigenbaumb, J., Montaguec, P. R., & Noltec, T. (2020). Multidirectional pathways between attachment, mentalizing, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology in the context of childhood trauma. Psychopathology, 53, 48–58.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8), 356–366.CrossRef Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8), 356–366.CrossRef
go back to reference Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, L., Shahly, V., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., De Girolamo, G., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Ferry, F., Florescu, S. E., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Karam, A. N., Kawakami, N., … Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 130–142.CrossRef Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Sampson, L., Shahly, V., Angermeyer, M. C., Bromet, E. J., De Girolamo, G., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Ferry, F., Florescu, S. E., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Karam, A. N., Kawakami, N., … Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 130–142.CrossRef
go back to reference Kernberg, O. (1984). Severe personality disorders; psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press. Kernberg, O. (1984). Severe personality disorders; psychotherapeutic strategies. Yale University Press.
go back to reference Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., De Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(5), 1353383.CrossRef Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., De Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(5), 1353383.CrossRef
go back to reference Kruger, C. (2020). Culture, trauma and dissociation: A broadening perspective for our field. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 21(1), 1–13.CrossRef Kruger, C. (2020). Culture, trauma and dissociation: A broadening perspective for our field. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 21(1), 1–13.CrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 137–159.CrossRef Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 137–159.CrossRef
go back to reference Le Doux, J. (1996). The emotional brain, the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. A Touchstone Book. Le Doux, J. (1996). The emotional brain, the mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. A Touchstone Book.
go back to reference Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Baarnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G., Jadhav, S., Hinton, L., Alarcon, R. D., Bhugra, D., Groen, S., Van Dijk, R., Qureshi, A., Collazos, F., Roussaeu, C., Caballero, L., Ramos, M., & Lu, F. (2014). Culture and psychiatric evaluation: Operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry, 77(2), 130–154.CrossRef Lewis-Fernandez, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Baarnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G., Jadhav, S., Hinton, L., Alarcon, R. D., Bhugra, D., Groen, S., Van Dijk, R., Qureshi, A., Collazos, F., Roussaeu, C., Caballero, L., Ramos, M., & Lu, F. (2014). Culture and psychiatric evaluation: Operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry, 77(2), 130–154.CrossRef
go back to reference Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Kirsch, I., Chaves, J. F., Sarbin, T. R., Ganaway, G. K., & Powel, R. A. (1999). Dissociative identity disorder and the sociocognitive model: Recalling the lessons of the past. Psychological Bulletin, 125(5), 507–523.CrossRef Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Kirsch, I., Chaves, J. F., Sarbin, T. R., Ganaway, G. K., & Powel, R. A. (1999). Dissociative identity disorder and the sociocognitive model: Recalling the lessons of the past. Psychological Bulletin, 125(5), 507–523.CrossRef
go back to reference Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46.CrossRef Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., Vonderlin, R., Bohus, M., & Kleindienst, N. (2018). Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 37–46.CrossRef
go back to reference Marsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Verschuere, B., Butler, C., Middleton, W., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2018). Transfer of episodic self-referential memory across amnesic identities in dissociative identity disorder using the autobiographical implicit association test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(8), 751–757.CrossRef Marsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Verschuere, B., Butler, C., Middleton, W., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2018). Transfer of episodic self-referential memory across amnesic identities in dissociative identity disorder using the autobiographical implicit association test. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(8), 751–757.CrossRef
go back to reference Marsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Butler, C., Middleton, W., De Jong, P. J., Kemp, S., et al. (2021). Inter-identity amnesia for neutral episodic self-referential and autobiographical memory in dissociative identity disorder: An assessment of recall and recognition. PLoS ONE, 16(2), 1–25. Marsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Butler, C., Middleton, W., De Jong, P. J., Kemp, S., et al. (2021). Inter-identity amnesia for neutral episodic self-referential and autobiographical memory in dissociative identity disorder: An assessment of recall and recognition. PLoS ONE, 16(2), 1–25.
go back to reference Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(5), 569–583.CrossRef Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2005). Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(5), 569–583.CrossRef
go back to reference Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Karunakara, U., Klaschik, C., Robert, C., & Elbert, T. (2004). Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees. Bio Med Central Psychiatry, 4, 34–41.CrossRef Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Karunakara, U., Klaschik, C., Robert, C., & Elbert, T. (2004). Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees. Bio Med Central Psychiatry, 4, 34–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (1994). Dissociatieve stoornissen en psychotrauma. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum. Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (1994). Dissociatieve stoornissen en psychotrauma. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
go back to reference Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Van der Hart, O. (1999). Forgetting and reexperiencing trauma: From anesthesia to pain. In J. Goodwin & R. Attias (Eds.), Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma (pp. 39–65). Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Van der Hart, O. (1999). Forgetting and reexperiencing trauma: From anesthesia to pain. In J. Goodwin & R. Attias (Eds.), Splintered reflections: Images of the body in trauma (pp. 39–65).
go back to reference Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body; a sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. Norton. Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body; a sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. Norton.
go back to reference Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021). Biomarkers of pathological dissociation; a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 123, 120–202.CrossRef Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021). Biomarkers of pathological dissociation; a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 123, 120–202.CrossRef
go back to reference Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., & Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. Bio Med Central Psychiatry, 16, 295.CrossRef Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., & Rockstroh, B. (2016). Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. Bio Med Central Psychiatry, 16, 295.CrossRef
go back to reference Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010). Dissociation following traumatic stress. Etiology and treatment. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 218(2), 109–127.CrossRef Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010). Dissociation following traumatic stress. Etiology and treatment. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 218(2), 109–127.CrossRef
go back to reference Siegel, D. (1999). The developing mind. Guilford. Siegel, D. (1999). The developing mind. Guilford.
go back to reference Somer, E. (2006). Culture bound dissociation: A comparative analysis. Psychiatric Clinics of North-America, 29, 213–226. Elsevier Saunders. Somer, E. (2006). Culture bound dissociation: A comparative analysis. Psychiatric Clinics of North-America, 29, 213–226. Elsevier Saunders.
go back to reference Steele, K., Boon, S. & Van der Hart, O. (2017). Treating trauma related dissociation. An integrative approach. Uitgeverij Mens! Steele, K., Boon, S. & Van der Hart, O. (2017). Treating trauma related dissociation. An integrative approach. Uitgeverij Mens!
go back to reference Van der Kloet, D., Merkelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., & Lyn, S. J. (2012). Fragmented sleep, fragmented mind. The role of sleep in dissociative disorders. Perspectives on Psychological Sciences 7(2),159–175. Van der Kloet, D., Merkelbach, H., Giesbrecht, T., & Lyn, S. J. (2012). Fragmented sleep, fragmented mind. The role of sleep in dissociative disorders. Perspectives on Psychological Sciences 7(2),159–175.
go back to reference Van Duijl, E. M. (2014). Spirits, devils and trauma. Dissociation in Uganda. UvA. Van Duijl, E. M. (2014). Spirits, devils and trauma. Dissociation in Uganda. UvA.
go back to reference Van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Komproe, I. H., & Gernaat, H. (2010). Dissociative symptoms and reported trauma among patients with spirit possession and matched healthy controls in Uganda. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 34(2), 380–400.CrossRef Van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Komproe, I. H., & Gernaat, H. (2010). Dissociative symptoms and reported trauma among patients with spirit possession and matched healthy controls in Uganda. Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 34(2), 380–400.CrossRef
go back to reference Vermetten, E., & Kruger, H. (2012). Neuronale systemen bij stress: Preklinische en genetische studies. In E. Vermetten, R. Kleber, & O. van der Hart (Red.), Handboek posttraumatische stressstoornissen. Uitgeverij de Tijdstroom. Vermetten, E., & Kruger, H. (2012). Neuronale systemen bij stress: Preklinische en genetische studies. In E. Vermetten, R. Kleber, & O. van der Hart (Red.), Handboek posttraumatische stressstoornissen. Uitgeverij de Tijdstroom.
go back to reference Vermetten, E., & Spiegel, D. (2014). Trauma and dissociation: Implications for borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(2), 434.CrossRef Vermetten, E., & Spiegel, D. (2014). Trauma and dissociation: Implications for borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(2), 434.CrossRef
go back to reference Vignal, J. P., Maillard, L., McGonigal, A., & Chauvel, P. (2006). The dreamy state: Hallucinations of autobiographic memory evoked by temporal lobe stimulations and seizures. Brain, 130(1), 88–99. Vignal, J. P., Maillard, L., McGonigal, A., & Chauvel, P. (2006). The dreamy state: Hallucinations of autobiographic memory evoked by temporal lobe stimulations and seizures. Brain, 130(1), 88–99.
go back to reference Wallin, D. J. (2020). Gehechtheid in psychotherapie. Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds. Wallin, D. J. (2020). Gehechtheid in psychotherapie. Uitgeverij Nieuwezijds.
go back to reference Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2007). Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk. Progress in Brain Research, 167, 121–135.CrossRef Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2007). Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk. Progress in Brain Research, 167, 121–135.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Wat is dissociatie?
Auteurs
De la Rie
Snip-van Wageningen
Copyright
2022
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2711-9_2