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Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1/2007

01-01-2007 | Original Paper

Visual Fixation Patterns during Reciprocal Social Interaction Distinguish a Subgroup of 6-Month-Old Infants At-Risk for Autism from Comparison Infants

Auteurs: Noah Merin, Gregory S. Young, Sally Ozonoff, Sally J. Rogers

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 1/2007

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Abstract

Thirty-one infant siblings of children with autism and 24 comparison infants were tested at 6 months of age during social interaction with a caregiver, using a modified Still Face paradigm conducted via a closed-circuit TV-video system. In the Still Face paradigm, the mother interacts with the infant, then freezes and displays a neutral, expressionless face, then resumes interaction. Eye tracking data on infant visual fixation patterns were recorded during the three episodes of the experiment. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified a subgroup of infants demonstrating diminished gaze to the mother’s eyes relative to her mouth during the Still Face episode. Ten out of the 11 infants in this subgroup had an older sibling with autism.
Voetnoten
1
We chose to use only the eyes and mouth in the denominator (and not the nose, or other less fixated regions such as the hair, forehead, and chin) for two reasons: (a) the unusual visual fixation pattern among individuals with autism reported by Klin et al. (2002) concerned these two regions, which are important for social communication, and (b) gaze to other face areas showed less variability between groups, and across episodes, than the eyes and mouth; including these areas was, in effect, to include a noisy term.
 
2
The cluster analysis assigns infants to clusters using a proximity matrix of the distance of each subject’s score from every other subject’s score (the distance between subjects is calculated using the sum of squared Euclidean distances for each variable). Ward’s agglomeration method operates on this resulting matrix using an algorithm that iteratively fuses cases (or lower-order clusters of cases) into higher-order clusters with the criterion that the resulting error sum of squares is minimized. In order to ensure that input order did not influence the clusters that were generated, we used a randomization procedure to run 1,000 different solutions (see van der Kloot, Spaans, & Heiser, 2005). Results showed that the cluster solution remained identical throughout 1,000 trials, with relatively good fit (SSDIF = 2.47E + 007; cophenetic correlation = 0.66).
 
3
The number of clusters was determined by comparing the relative amount of between-cluster variance in EMI scores accounted for by 2-, 3-, and 4-cluster models. For 2 clusters, 18.27% of the total variance was accounted for by cluster; for 3 clusters, 29.49%; and for 4 clusters, 21.73%. Therefore, the three-cluster model was judged to account for the maximum amount of between-cluster variance, while maintaining parsimony regarding the number of clusters. The three-cluster model provided a good fit to the observed data: of the 33 infants in the high EMI cluster, 25 had EMI scores above 0.5 during all three episodes, and 6 had EMI scores above 0.5 during the Still- and post-Still Face episodes. Nine out of 11 infants in the low EMI cluster had scores below 0.5 for all three episodes. All of the 11 low–high–low infants had EMI scores below 0.5 during the pre-Still Face, above 0.5 during the Still Face, and below 0.5 during the post-Still Face.
 
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Metagegevens
Titel
Visual Fixation Patterns during Reciprocal Social Interaction Distinguish a Subgroup of 6-Month-Old Infants At-Risk for Autism from Comparison Infants
Auteurs
Noah Merin
Gregory S. Young
Sally Ozonoff
Sally J. Rogers
Publicatiedatum
01-01-2007
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 1/2007
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0342-4

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