Top

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Gepubliceerd in:

01-07-2009 | Original Paper

Vision in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Evidence for Reduced Convergence

Auteurs: Elizabeth Milne, Helen Griffiths, David Buckley, Alison Scope

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 7/2009

Abstract

Evidence of atypical perception in individuals with ASD is mainly based on self report, parental questionnaires or psychophysical/cognitive paradigms. There have been relatively few attempts to establish whether binocular vision is enhanced, intact or abnormal in those with ASD. To address this, we screened visual function in 51 individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and 44 typically developing individuals by measuring visual acuity, stereoacuity, convergence, divergence, ocular motility, incidence of strabismus and integrity of the optokinetic response. The data suggest that many aspects of vision, including visual acuity, are unaffected in ASD, but that convergence is an aspect of visual function that merits further research in those with ASD.

volgende artikel Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder Behaviors in Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Versus Several Comparison Samples

The effect size r is given by

\( r = \frac{Z}{\sqrt N } \)

where Z is the test statistic obtained by Mann–Whitney analysis and N is the total number of data points. Effect sizes of .1, .3 and .5 are considered small, medium and large, respectively (Field 2005).

Because some IQ scores were missing, the data were plotted to ensure that the participants with the lowest base-out prism fusion range scores were not those who were not included in the correlation analysis with IQ. This was not the case, the base-out prism fusion range scores for the high-functioning participants who did not complete the WASI were: 25, 30 & 35 ∆.

Ashwin, E., Ashwin, C., Rhydderch, D., Howells, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Eagle-eyed visual acuity: An experimental investigation of enhanced perception in autism. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 17–21. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.012.PubMedCrossRef

Cooper, J., & Feldman, J. (1979). Assessing the Frisby Stereo Test under monocular viewing conditions. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 50, 807–809.PubMed

Creel, D., Crandall, A. S., Pingree, C., & Ritvo, E. R. (1989). Abnormal electroretinograms in autism. Clinical Vision Sciences, 1, 85–88.

de Jonge, M. V., Kemner, C., de Haan, E. H., Coppens, J. E., van der Berg, T. J. T. P., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Visual information processing in high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their parents. Neuropsychology, 21, 65–73. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.65.PubMedCrossRef

Denis, D., Burillon, C., Livet, M. O., & Burguiere, O. (1997). Ophthalmologic findings in the autistic child. Journal Francais d’Ophtalmologie, 20(2), 103–110.PubMed

Ffooks, O. (1965). Vision test for children: Use of symbols. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 49, 312–314. doi:10.1136/bjo.49.6.312.PubMedCrossRef

Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.

Garbutt, S., & Harris, C. M. (2000). Abnormal vertical optokinetic nystagmus in infants and children. British Journal of Orthoptics, 84, 451–455. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.5.451.CrossRef

Graham, P. A. (1974). The epidemiology of strabismus. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 58, 224–231. doi:10.1136/bjo.58.3.224.PubMedCrossRef

Gronlund, M. A., Andersson, S., Aring, E., Hard, A. L., & Hellstrom, A. (2006). Ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4–15 years. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 84, 169–176. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00615.x.PubMedCrossRef

Hall, D. M. B., & Elliman, D. (2003). Health for all children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hirsch, M. J. (1963). Changes in astigmatism during the first eight years of school—an interim report from the Ojai Longitudinal study. American Journal of Optometry, 40, 127–132.

Kaplan, M., Rimland, B., & Edelson, S. M. (1999). Strabismus in autism spectrum disorder. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 14, 101–105. doi:10.1177/108835769901400205.CrossRef

Kay, H. (1983). New method of assessing visual acuity with pictures. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 67, 131–133. doi:10.1136/bjo.67.2.131.PubMedCrossRef

Kemner, C., van der Geest, J. N., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2004). In search for neurophysiological markers of pervasive developmental disorders: smooth pursuit eye movements. Journal of Neural Transmission, 111, 1617–1626. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0164-5.PubMedCrossRef

Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., et al. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223. doi:10.1023/A:1005592401947.PubMedCrossRef

Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism diagnostic interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685. doi:10.1007/BF02172145.PubMedCrossRef

Milne, E., & Griffiths, H. (2007). Visual perception and visual dysfunction in autistic spectrum disorder: A literature review. British and Irish Orthoptics Journal, 4, 15–20.

Milne, E., Swettenham, J., Hansen, P., Campbell, R., Jeffries, H., & Plaisted, K. (2002). High motion coherence thresholds in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 43, 255–263. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00018.PubMedCrossRef

Minshew, N. J., Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (1999). Oculomotor evidence for neocortical systems but not cerebellar dysfunction in autism. Neurology, 52, 917–922.PubMed

Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Souliėres, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. A. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An Update and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27–43. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0040-7.PubMedCrossRef

Mottron, L., Mineau, S., Martel, G., St-Charles Bernier, C., Berthiaume, C., Dawson, M., et al. (2007). Lateral glances toward moving stimuli among young children with autism: Early regulation of locally oriented perception? Development and Psychopathology, 19, 23–26. doi:10.1017/S0954579407070022.PubMedCrossRef

O’Connor, A. R., Stephenson, T. J., Johnson, A., Tobin, M. J., Ratib, S., Moseley, M., et al. (2004). Visual function in low birthweight children. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 88, 1149–1153. doi:10.1136/bjo.2003.035154.PubMedCrossRef

O’Riordan, M., Plaisted, K., Driver, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2001). Superior visual search in autism. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 27, 719–730. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.3.719.PubMedCrossRef

Plaisted, K., O’Riordan, M., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1998). Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 39, 777–783. doi:10.1017/S0021963098002613.PubMedCrossRef

Robaei, D., Huynh, S. C., Kifley, A., Gole, G. A., & Mitchell, P. (2007). Stereoacuity and ocular associations at age 12 years: Findings from a population-based study. Journal of AAPOS: The Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus/American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 11(4), 356–361.CrossRef

Rogers, S. J., & Ozonoff, S. (2005). Annotation: What do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 1255–1268. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x.PubMedCrossRef

Scharre, J. E., & Creedon, M. P. (1992). Assessment of visual function in autistic children. Optometry and Vision Science, 69, 433–439. doi:10.1097/00006324-199206000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Shah, A., & Frith, U. (1983). An islet of ability in autistic children: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 24, 613–620. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00137.x.PubMedCrossRef

Skjeldal, O. H., Sponheim, E., Ganes, T., Jellum, E., & Bakke, S. (1998). Childhood autism: The need for physical investigations. Brain & Development, 20(4), 227–233. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(98)00031-X.CrossRef

Stayte, M., Reeves, B., & Wortham, C. (1993). Ocular and vision defects in pre-school children. The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 77, 228–232. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.4.228.PubMedCrossRef

Stuart, J., & Burian, H. (1962). A study of separation difficulty: Its relationship to visual acuity in normal and amblyopic eyes. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 53, 471–477.PubMed

Takarae, Y., Minshew, N., Luna, B., Krisky, C. M., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Pursuit eye movement deficits in autism. Brain, 127, 2584–2594. doi:10.1093/brain/awh307.PubMedCrossRef

von Noorden, G. K., & Campos, E. C. (2002). Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and management of Strabismus (6th ed.). St Louis, MO: Mosby.

Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

Zadnik, K., Mutti, D. O., & Adams, A. J. (1992). Astigmatism in children: What’s the rule? Ophthalmic and Visual Optics Technical Digest, 3, 68–71.

Titel: Vision in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Evidence for Reduced Convergence
Auteurs: Elizabeth Milne
Helen Griffiths
David Buckley
Alison Scope
Publicatiedatum: 01-07-2009
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 7/2009
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0705-8

Andere artikelen Uitgave 7/2009

Adolescent Siblings of Individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Testing a Diathesis-Stress Model of Sibling Well-Being

Original Paper

Rebecca Chilvers: The Hidden World of Autism: Writing and Art by Children with High Functioning Autism, Foreword by Uttam Chowdhury

Book Review

Brief Report: Biochemical Correlates of Clinical Impairment in High Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder

Brief Report

Supervisor Support as a Predictor of Burnout and Therapeutic Self-Efficacy in Therapists Working in ABA Schools

Original Paper

Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder Behaviors in Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Versus Several Comparison Samples

Original Paper

Cognitive Differences in Pictorial Reasoning Between High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome

Original paper