01-04-2012 | Original Paper | Uitgave 2/2012 Open Access

Unique Roles of Mothering and Fathering in Child Anxiety; Moderation by Child’s Age and Gender
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Child and Family Studies > Uitgave 2/2012
Introduction
Method
Participants
Instruments
Child Anxiety
Rearing Dimensions
χ2
|
df
|
RMSEA
|
CFI
|
NNFI
|
AIC
|
Δχ2
|
Δdf
|
p
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child reports
|
|||||||||
Mother
|
|||||||||
Two factors
|
1057.92
|
348
|
.10
|
.81
|
.80
|
1620.93
|
477.80
|
5
|
<.001
|
Four factors
|
580.12
|
343
|
.05
|
.94
|
.93
|
717.16
|
|||
Father
|
|||||||||
Two factors
|
2012.13
|
349
|
.13
|
.81
|
.80
|
2126.13
|
1132.43
|
5
|
<.001
|
Four factors
|
755.70
|
344
|
.06
|
.92
|
.91
|
879.70
|
|||
Self reports
|
|||||||||
Mother
|
|||||||||
Two factors
|
1014.62
|
345
|
.08
|
.83
|
.82
|
1136.62
|
313.89
|
5
|
<.001
|
Four factors
|
700.73
|
340
|
.06
|
.93
|
.92
|
||||
Father
|
|||||||||
Two factors
|
1041.57
|
342
|
.08
|
.83
|
.82
|
1169.57
|
479.25
|
5
|
<.001
|
Four factors
|
562.32
|
337
|
.05
|
.92
|
.91
|
700.32
|
Child report
|
Parental report
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acc
|
Rej
|
Aut
|
Overcon
|
Acc
|
Rej
|
Aut
|
Overcon
|
||
1.
|
… sometimes disapproves things that I do, but (s)he never rejects me as a person
|
.30/.38
|
.11/.21
|
||||||
2.
|
… likes spending time with me
|
.39/.58
|
.25/.28
|
||||||
3.
|
… tries to make me feel better when I’m unhappy
|
.51/.67
|
.30/.39
|
||||||
4.
|
… gives me the feeling that (s)he loves me just the way I am; (s)he doesn’t want to change the person I am
|
.69/.58
|
.30/.41
|
||||||
5.
|
I can depend on my mother/father if I really need his/her help
|
.41/.52
|
.15/.16
|
||||||
6.
|
… is not easily satisfied
|
.43/.51
|
.25/.44
|
||||||
7.
|
… is often quite tough with me
|
.51/.54
|
.36/.41
|
||||||
8.
|
… doesn’t like hanging around with me
|
.24/.27
|
.14/.06
|
||||||
9.
|
… keeps trying to change who I am
|
.46/.41
|
.35/.36
|
||||||
10.
|
… is less friendly when we see things differently
|
.33/.45
|
.27/.35
|
||||||
11.
|
… doesn’t look at me when I’ve disappointed him/her
|
.24/.29
|
.31/.17
|
||||||
12.
|
… gives me the feeling that I’m a burden to him/her
|
.44/.39
|
.21/.11
|
||||||
13.
|
… never spends much time with me
|
.35/.37
|
.31/.23
|
||||||
14.
|
When I’ve hurt my mother’s/father’s feelings, (s)he stops talking to me until I please her/him again
|
.36/.28
|
.17/.19
|
||||||
15.
|
… encourages me to take my own decisions
|
.67/.82
|
.55/.48
|
||||||
16.
|
… helps me to become an independent person
|
.65/.73
|
.46/.46
|
||||||
17.
|
… encourages me to do things by myself
|
.58/.64
|
.34/.41
|
||||||
18.
|
… encourages me to do things my own way
|
.59/.69
|
.47/.40
|
||||||
19.
|
… supports me when I do new, exciting things
|
.42/.44
|
.27/.38
|
||||||
20.
|
… lets me decide over my own money
|
.35/36
|
.19/.26
|
||||||
21.
|
… encourages me to give my own opinion
|
.75/.76
|
.43/.44
|
||||||
22.
|
… is overprotective
|
.35/.46
|
.38/.22
|
||||||
23.
|
… keeps telling me how to behave
|
.56/.55
|
.39/.43
|
||||||
24.
|
… tells me that, if I really care about him/her, I wouldn’t do anything that worries him/her.
|
.46/.42
|
.34/.35
|
||||||
25.
|
… likes to tell me what to do and how to behave all the time
|
.46/.49
|
.47/.38
|
||||||
26.
|
… is too worried that I will hurt myself or that I will become ill
|
.49/.45
|
.37/.33
|
||||||
27.
|
… wants to do things for me that I can easily do myself
|
.43/.43
|
.42/.26
|
||||||
28.
|
… wants to control everything that I do
|
.41/.41
|
.45/.38
|
Results
Preliminary Analyses
The Role of Parent Gender
1.
|
2.
|
3.
|
4.
|
5.
|
6.
|
M
|
SD
|
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children
|
||||||||
1. Anxiety
|
25.43
|
15.17
|
||||||
Mothering
|
||||||||
2. Autonomy granting
|
.05
|
2.79
|
.41
|
|||||
3. Over control
|
.40***
|
.00
|
1.93
|
.41
|
||||
4. Rejection
|
.26***
|
−.15*
|
.46***
|
1.42
|
.30
|
|||
Fathering
|
||||||||
5. Autonomy granting
|
.02
|
.55***
|
.09
|
−.01
|
2.80
|
.43
|
||
6. Over control
|
.33***
|
−.06
|
.60***
|
.33***
|
−.08
|
1.81
|
.38
|
|
7. Rejection
|
.18
*
|
−.06
|
.24**
|
.43***
|
−.16*
|
.34***
|
1.45
|
.31
|
Adolescents
|
||||||||
1. Anxiety
|
.10
|
19.14
|
12.58
|
|||||
Mothering
|
||||||||
2. Autonomy granting
|
.03
|
3.02
|
.47
|
|||||
3. Over control
|
−.01
|
−.13
|
1.76
|
.42
|
||||
4. Rejection
|
.10
|
−.39***
|
.28**
|
1.36
|
.33
|
|||
Fathering
|
||||||||
5. Autonomy granting
|
−.06
|
.51***
|
−.18*
|
−.14
|
3.02
|
.43
|
||
6. Over control
|
.23*
|
.00
|
.45***
|
.20*
|
−.10
|
1.72
|
.38
|
|
7. Rejection
|
.19*
|
−.09
|
.34***
|
.40***
|
−.27**
|
.48***
|
1.40
|
.28
|
Mother model
|
Father model
|
Mother/Father model
|
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child
|
Adolescence
|
Child
|
Adolescence
|
Child
|
Adolescence
|
|||||||
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
β
|
Δ
R
2
|
|
Step 1
|
.06**
|
.02
|
.06**
|
.02
|
||||||||
Gender
|
.12
|
.14
|
.13
#
|
.17
#
|
||||||||
Age
|
−.15*
|
−.06
|
−.15*
|
−.04
|
||||||||
Step 2
|
.15***
|
.00
|
.15***
|
.00
|
||||||||
Maternal Aut
|
.08
|
.05
|
.09
|
.04
|
||||||||
Maternal Overcon
|
.31***
|
.00
|
.24*
|
−.13
|
||||||||
Maternal Rejec
|
.12
|
.07
|
.11
|
.02
|
||||||||
R
2
|
.21***
|
.03
|
||||||||||
Step 1
|
.06**
|
.02
|
.08*
|
|||||||||
Gender
|
.13
|
.19*
|
–
|
–
|
||||||||
Age
|
−.17*
|
−.04
|
–
|
–
|
||||||||
Step 2/3
|
.11***
|
.07*
|
.01
|
|||||||||
Paternal Aut
|
.08
|
−.03
|
−.02
|
−.06
|
||||||||
Paternal Overcon
|
.29***
|
.18
#
|
.14
|
.23*
|
||||||||
Paternal Rejec
|
.09
|
.11
|
.03
|
.12
|
||||||||
R
2
|
.16***
|
.07*
|
.09
#
|
.22***
|
.10
|