01-04-2012 | Original Paper | Uitgave 2/2012 Open Access

Unique Roles of Mothering and Fathering in Child Anxiety; Moderation by Child’s Age and Gender
- Tijdschrift:
- Journal of Child and Family Studies > Uitgave 2/2012
Introduction
Method
Participants
Instruments
Child Anxiety
Rearing Dimensions
χ2
|
df
| RMSEA | CFI | NNFI | AIC |
Δχ2
|
Δdf
|
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child reports | |||||||||
Mother | |||||||||
Two factors | 1057.92 | 348 | .10 | .81 | .80 | 1620.93 | 477.80 | 5 | <.001 |
Four factors | 580.12 | 343 | .05 | .94 | .93 | 717.16 | |||
Father | |||||||||
Two factors | 2012.13 | 349 | .13 | .81 | .80 | 2126.13 | 1132.43 | 5 | <.001 |
Four factors | 755.70 | 344 | .06 | .92 | .91 | 879.70 | |||
Self reports | |||||||||
Mother | |||||||||
Two factors | 1014.62 | 345 | .08 | .83 | .82 | 1136.62 | 313.89 | 5 | <.001 |
Four factors | 700.73 | 340 | .06 | .93 | .92 | ||||
Father | |||||||||
Two factors | 1041.57 | 342 | .08 | .83 | .82 | 1169.57 | 479.25 | 5 | <.001 |
Four factors | 562.32 | 337 | .05 | .92 | .91 | 700.32 |
Child report | Parental report | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acc | Rej | Aut | Overcon | Acc | Rej | Aut | Overcon | ||
1. | … sometimes disapproves things that I do, but (s)he never rejects me as a person | .30/.38 | .11/.21 | ||||||
2. | … likes spending time with me | .39/.58 | .25/.28 | ||||||
3. | … tries to make me feel better when I’m unhappy | .51/.67 | .30/.39 | ||||||
4. | … gives me the feeling that (s)he loves me just the way I am; (s)he doesn’t want to change the person I am | .69/.58 | .30/.41 | ||||||
5. | I can depend on my mother/father if I really need his/her help | .41/.52 | .15/.16 | ||||||
6. | … is not easily satisfied | .43/.51 | .25/.44 | ||||||
7. | … is often quite tough with me | .51/.54 | .36/.41 | ||||||
8. | … doesn’t like hanging around with me | .24/.27 | .14/.06 | ||||||
9. | … keeps trying to change who I am | .46/.41 | .35/.36 | ||||||
10. | … is less friendly when we see things differently | .33/.45 | .27/.35 | ||||||
11. | … doesn’t look at me when I’ve disappointed him/her | .24/.29 | .31/.17 | ||||||
12. | … gives me the feeling that I’m a burden to him/her | .44/.39 | .21/.11 | ||||||
13. | … never spends much time with me | .35/.37 | .31/.23 | ||||||
14. | When I’ve hurt my mother’s/father’s feelings, (s)he stops talking to me until I please her/him again | .36/.28 | .17/.19 | ||||||
15. | … encourages me to take my own decisions | .67/.82 | .55/.48 | ||||||
16. | … helps me to become an independent person | .65/.73 | .46/.46 | ||||||
17. | … encourages me to do things by myself | .58/.64 | .34/.41 | ||||||
18. | … encourages me to do things my own way | .59/.69 | .47/.40 | ||||||
19. | … supports me when I do new, exciting things | .42/.44 | .27/.38 | ||||||
20. | … lets me decide over my own money | .35/36 | .19/.26 | ||||||
21. | … encourages me to give my own opinion | .75/.76 | .43/.44 | ||||||
22. | … is overprotective | .35/.46 | .38/.22 | ||||||
23. | … keeps telling me how to behave | .56/.55 | .39/.43 | ||||||
24. | … tells me that, if I really care about him/her, I wouldn’t do anything that worries him/her. | .46/.42 | .34/.35 | ||||||
25. | … likes to tell me what to do and how to behave all the time | .46/.49 | .47/.38 | ||||||
26. | … is too worried that I will hurt myself or that I will become ill | .49/.45 | .37/.33 | ||||||
27. | … wants to do things for me that I can easily do myself | .43/.43 | .42/.26 | ||||||
28. | … wants to control everything that I do | .41/.41 | .45/.38 |
Results
Preliminary Analyses
The Role of Parent Gender
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. |
M
| SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | ||||||||
1. Anxiety | 25.43 | 15.17 | ||||||
Mothering | ||||||||
2. Autonomy granting | .05 | 2.79 | .41 | |||||
3. Over control | .40*** | .00 | 1.93 | .41 | ||||
4. Rejection | .26*** | −.15* | .46*** | 1.42 | .30 | |||
Fathering | ||||||||
5. Autonomy granting | .02 | .55*** | .09 | −.01 | 2.80 | .43 | ||
6. Over control | .33*** | −.06 | .60*** | .33*** | −.08 | 1.81 | .38 | |
7. Rejection | .18*
| −.06 | .24** | .43*** | −.16* | .34*** | 1.45 | .31 |
Adolescents | ||||||||
1. Anxiety | .10 | 19.14 | 12.58 | |||||
Mothering | ||||||||
2. Autonomy granting | .03 | 3.02 | .47 | |||||
3. Over control | −.01 | −.13 | 1.76 | .42 | ||||
4. Rejection | .10 | −.39*** | .28** | 1.36 | .33 | |||
Fathering | ||||||||
5. Autonomy granting | −.06 | .51*** | −.18* | −.14 | 3.02 | .43 | ||
6. Over control | .23* | .00 | .45*** | .20* | −.10 | 1.72 | .38 | |
7. Rejection | .19* | −.09 | .34*** | .40*** | −.27** | .48*** | 1.40 | .28 |
Mother model | Father model | Mother/Father model | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | Adolescence | Child | Adolescence | Child | Adolescence | |||||||
β | ΔR
2
| β | ΔR
2
| β | ΔR
2
| β | ΔR
2
| β | ΔR
2
| β | ΔR
2
| |
Step 1
| .06** | .02 | .06** | .02 | ||||||||
Gender | .12 | .14 | .13#
| .17#
| ||||||||
Age | −.15* | −.06 | −.15* | −.04 | ||||||||
Step 2
| .15*** | .00 | .15*** | .00 | ||||||||
Maternal Aut | .08 | .05 | .09 | .04 | ||||||||
Maternal Overcon | .31*** | .00 | .24* | −.13 | ||||||||
Maternal Rejec | .12 | .07 | .11 | .02 | ||||||||
R
2
| .21*** | .03 | ||||||||||
Step 1
| .06** | .02 | .08* | |||||||||
Gender | .13 | .19* | – | – | ||||||||
Age | −.17* | −.04 | – | – | ||||||||
Step 2/3
| .11*** | .07* | .01 | |||||||||
Paternal Aut | .08 | −.03 | −.02 | −.06 | ||||||||
Paternal Overcon | .29*** | .18#
| .14 | .23* | ||||||||
Paternal Rejec | .09 | .11 | .03 | .12 | ||||||||
R
2
| .16*** | .07* | .09#
| .22*** | .10 |