Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2011 | Original Paper

Trajectories of Postpartum Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Children’s Social Skills

Auteurs: Yelena P. Wu, James P. Selig, Michael C. Roberts, Ric G. Steele

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 4/2011

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The vast majority of new mothers experience at least some depressive symptoms. Postpartum maternal depressive symptoms can greatly influence children’s outcomes (e.g., emotional, cognitive, language, and social development). However, there have been relatively few longitudinal studies of how maternal depressive symptoms may influence children’s social skills. The current study (n = 1363) examined the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms (from 1 month to 36 months) and whether maternal depressive symptoms at 1 month postpartum and the change in symptoms over time (from 1 month to 3 years) predicted children’s parent- and teacher-rated social skills when they were 4.5 and 6.0 years old. A growth curve model indicated that, on average, maternal depressive symptoms declined over time in a nonlinear fashion. Further analyses indicated that after controlling for five demographic factors (child sex, family income, maternal age, mother’s marital status, and maternal education), initial maternal depressive symptoms significantly predicted children’s social skills as reported by mothers. The results support the notion that maternal depressive symptoms during children’s infancy can have long-term associations with children’s social skills. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of intervention and prevention efforts targeting maternal depressive symptoms during infancy, beginning immediately postpartum.
Literatuur
go back to reference Anhalt, K., Telzrow, C. F., & Brown, C. L. (2007). Maternal stress and emotional status during the perinatal period and childhood adjustment. School Psychology Quarterly, 22, 74–90.CrossRef Anhalt, K., Telzrow, C. F., & Brown, C. L. (2007). Maternal stress and emotional status during the perinatal period and childhood adjustment. School Psychology Quarterly, 22, 74–90.CrossRef
go back to reference Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50, 275–285.PubMedCrossRef Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50, 275–285.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., Anderson, M. J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2000). Chronicity, severity, and timing, of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5. Developmental Psychology, 36, 759–766.PubMedCrossRef Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C., Anderson, M. J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2000). Chronicity, severity, and timing, of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5. Developmental Psychology, 36, 759–766.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Buhi, E. R., Goodson, P., & Neilands, T. B. (2008). Out of sight, not out of mind: Strategies for handling missing data. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32, 83–92.PubMed Buhi, E. R., Goodson, P., & Neilands, T. B. (2008). Out of sight, not out of mind: Strategies for handling missing data. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32, 83–92.PubMed
go back to reference Campbell, S. B., Brownell, C. A., Hungerford, A., Spieker, S. J., Mohan, R., et al. (2004). The course of maternal depressive symptoms and maternal sensitivity as predictors of attachment security at 36 months. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 231–252.PubMedCrossRef Campbell, S. B., Brownell, C. A., Hungerford, A., Spieker, S. J., Mohan, R., et al. (2004). The course of maternal depressive symptoms and maternal sensitivity as predictors of attachment security at 36 months. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 231–252.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, S. B., Matestic, P., von Stauffenberg, C., Mohan, R., & Kirchner, T. (2007). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children’s functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1202–1215.PubMedCrossRef Campbell, S. B., Matestic, P., von Stauffenberg, C., Mohan, R., & Kirchner, T. (2007). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children’s functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1202–1215.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Campbell, S. B., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Cox, M. J., McLoyd, V. C., & NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2009). A latent class analysis of maternal depressive symptoms over 12 years and offspring adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 479–493.PubMedCrossRef Campbell, S. B., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Cox, M. J., McLoyd, V. C., & NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2009). A latent class analysis of maternal depressive symptoms over 12 years and offspring adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 479–493.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Carter, A. S., Garrity-Rokous, F. E., Chazan-Cohen, R., Little, C., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2001). Maternal depression and comorbidity: Predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 18–26.PubMedCrossRef Carter, A. S., Garrity-Rokous, F. E., Chazan-Cohen, R., Little, C., & Briggs-Gowan, M. J. (2001). Maternal depression and comorbidity: Predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 18–26.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1997). Does psychiatric history bias mothers’ reports? An application of a new analytic technique. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 971–979.PubMedCrossRef Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1997). Does psychiatric history bias mothers’ reports? An application of a new analytic technique. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 971–979.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (1998). Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerhood. Development & Psychopathology, 10, 283–300.CrossRef Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (1998). Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerhood. Development & Psychopathology, 10, 283–300.CrossRef
go back to reference Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 73–112.CrossRef Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 73–112.CrossRef
go back to reference Dietz, L. J., Jennings, K. D., Kelley, S. A., & Marshal, M. (2009). Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and toddlers’ behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 48–61.CrossRef Dietz, L. J., Jennings, K. D., Kelley, S. A., & Marshal, M. (2009). Maternal depression, paternal psychopathology, and toddlers’ behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 48–61.CrossRef
go back to reference Downey, G., & Cloyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.PubMedCrossRef Downey, G., & Cloyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Foster, C. E., Webster, M. C., Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., et al. (2008). Remission of maternal depression: Relations to family functioning and youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 714–724.CrossRef Foster, C. E., Webster, M. C., Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Talati, A., et al. (2008). Remission of maternal depression: Relations to family functioning and youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 714–724.CrossRef
go back to reference Goodman, S. H., Brogan, D., Lynch, M. E., & Fielding, B. (1993). Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers. Child Development, 64, 516–531.PubMedCrossRef Goodman, S. H., Brogan, D., Lynch, M. E., & Fielding, B. (1993). Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers. Child Development, 64, 516–531.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003). The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: A review and critical analysis of the literature. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6, 263–274.PubMedCrossRef Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003). The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: A review and critical analysis of the literature. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6, 263–274.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Graham, J. W., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek-Fisk, E. (2003). Methods of handling missing data. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 87–114). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Graham, J. W., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek-Fisk, E. (2003). Methods of handling missing data. In I. B. Weiner (Ed.), Handbook of psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 87–114). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
go back to reference Gresham, F. M., & Elliot, S. N. (1990). The social skills rating system. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. Gresham, F. M., & Elliot, S. N. (1990). The social skills rating system. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
go back to reference Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., et al. (2009). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms over her child’s life span: Relation to adrenocortical, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning in children. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 207–225.PubMedCrossRef Gump, B. B., Reihman, J., Stewart, P., Lonky, E., Darvill, T., et al. (2009). Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms over her child’s life span: Relation to adrenocortical, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning in children. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 207–225.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2003). Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 253–258.PubMedCrossRef Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. A. (2003). Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 253–258.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Horowitz, J. A., & Goodman, J. (2004). A longitudinal study of maternal depression postpartum symptoms. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 18, 149–163.PubMedCrossRef Horowitz, J. A., & Goodman, J. (2004). A longitudinal study of maternal depression postpartum symptoms. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 18, 149–163.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jaser, S. S., Fear, J. M., Reeslund, K. L., Champion, J. E., Reising, M. M., & Compas, B. E. (2008). Maternal sadness and adolescents’ responses to stress in offspring of mothers with and without a history of depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 736–746.CrossRef Jaser, S. S., Fear, J. M., Reeslund, K. L., Champion, J. E., Reising, M. M., & Compas, B. E. (2008). Maternal sadness and adolescents’ responses to stress in offspring of mothers with and without a history of depression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 736–746.CrossRef
go back to reference Johnson, P. L., & Flake, E. M. (2007). Maternal depression and child outcomes. Psychiatric Annals, 37, 404–410. Johnson, P. L., & Flake, E. M. (2007). Maternal depression and child outcomes. Psychiatric Annals, 37, 404–410.
go back to reference Kemper, K. J., Kelleher, K., & Olson, A. L. (2007). Implementing maternal depression screening. Pediatrics, 120, 448–449.PubMedCrossRef Kemper, K. J., Kelleher, K., & Olson, A. L. (2007). Implementing maternal depression screening. Pediatrics, 120, 448–449.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Ladd, G. W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: Predictors of children’s early school adjustment? Child Development, 61, 1081–1100.PubMedCrossRef Ladd, G. W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends, and being liked by peers in the classroom: Predictors of children’s early school adjustment? Child Development, 61, 1081–1100.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ladd, G. W., & Price, J. M. (1987). Predicting children’s social and school adjustment following the transition from preschool to kindergarten. Child Development, 58, 1168–1189.CrossRef Ladd, G. W., & Price, J. M. (1987). Predicting children’s social and school adjustment following the transition from preschool to kindergarten. Child Development, 58, 1168–1189.CrossRef
go back to reference Linnet, K. M., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Wisborg, K., Henriksen, T. B., Rodriguez, A., et al. (2003). Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: Review of the current evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1028–1040.PubMedCrossRef Linnet, K. M., Dalsgaard, S., Obel, C., Wisborg, K., Henriksen, T. B., Rodriguez, A., et al. (2003). Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: Review of the current evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1028–1040.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Luoma, I., Tamminen, T., Kaukonen, P., Laippala, P., Puura, K., Salmelin, R., et al. (2001). Longitudinal study of maternal depression symptoms and child well-being. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1367–1374.PubMedCrossRef Luoma, I., Tamminen, T., Kaukonen, P., Laippala, P., Puura, K., Salmelin, R., et al. (2001). Longitudinal study of maternal depression symptoms and child well-being. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1367–1374.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McClelland, M. M., Morrison, F. J., & Holmes, D. L. (2000). Children at risk for early academic problems: The role of learning-related social skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15, 307–329.CrossRef McClelland, M. M., Morrison, F. J., & Holmes, D. L. (2000). Children at risk for early academic problems: The role of learning-related social skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15, 307–329.CrossRef
go back to reference Miner, J. L., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2008). Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Developmental Psychology, 44, 771–786.PubMedCrossRef Miner, J. L., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2008). Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Developmental Psychology, 44, 771–786.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2007). Mplus user’s guide. Fifth Edition [Computer software and manual]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2007). Mplus user’s guide. Fifth Edition [Computer software and manual]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
go back to reference NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1297–1310.CrossRef NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1297–1310.CrossRef
go back to reference NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492.CrossRef NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492.CrossRef
go back to reference NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2005). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. In The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (Ed.), Child care and child development: Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development (pp. 151–162). New York: Guilford Press. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2005). Chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and child functioning at 36 months. In The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (Ed.), Child care and child development: Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development (pp. 151–162). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference O’Hara, M. W., Neunaber, D. J., & Zekoski, E. M. (1984). Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 158–171.PubMedCrossRef O’Hara, M. W., Neunaber, D. J., & Zekoski, E. M. (1984). Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 158–171.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olson, A. L., Dietrich, A. J., Prazar, G., & Hurley, J. (2006). Brief maternal depression screening at well-child visits. Pediatrics, 118, 207–216.PubMedCrossRef Olson, A. L., Dietrich, A. J., Prazar, G., & Hurley, J. (2006). Brief maternal depression screening at well-child visits. Pediatrics, 118, 207–216.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Peth-Pierce, R. (1998). The NICHD study of early child care. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Development. Peth-Pierce, R. (1998). The NICHD study of early child care. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Development.
go back to reference Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef
go back to reference Roberts, R. E. (1980). Reliability of the CES-D scale in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatry Research, 2, 125–134.PubMedCrossRef Roberts, R. E. (1980). Reliability of the CES-D scale in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatry Research, 2, 125–134.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sohr-Preston, S. L., & Scaramella, L. V. (2006). Implications of timing of maternal depressive symptoms for early cognitive and language development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 65–83.PubMedCrossRef Sohr-Preston, S. L., & Scaramella, L. V. (2006). Implications of timing of maternal depressive symptoms for early cognitive and language development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 65–83.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552–1562.PubMedCrossRef Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1552–1562.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tanski, S. E., Klein, J. D., Winickoff, J. P., Auinger, P., & Weitzman, M. (2003). Tobacco counseling at well-child and tobacco-influenced illness visits: Opportunities for ement. Pediatrics, 111, e162–e167.PubMedCrossRef Tanski, S. E., Klein, J. D., Winickoff, J. P., Auinger, P., & Weitzman, M. (2003). Tobacco counseling at well-child and tobacco-influenced illness visits: Opportunities for ement. Pediatrics, 111, e162–e167.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Yonkers, K. A., Ramin, S. M., Rush, A. J., Navarrete, C. A., Carmody, T., March, D., et al. (2001). Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1856–1863.PubMedCrossRef Yonkers, K. A., Ramin, S. M., Rush, A. J., Navarrete, C. A., Carmody, T., March, D., et al. (2001). Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1856–1863.PubMedCrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
Trajectories of Postpartum Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Children’s Social Skills
Auteurs
Yelena P. Wu
James P. Selig
Michael C. Roberts
Ric G. Steele
Publicatiedatum
01-08-2011
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 4/2011
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9407-2