Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-02-2008 | Original Article

Thought Suppression Confronting a Reminder Stimulus: An Effective Strategy for the Management of Intrusive Thoughts?

Auteurs: Juan V. Luciano, Salvador Algarabel

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2008

Abstract

Previous studies indicate that suppression is a counterproductive mechanism of thought control. In the current paper we examined whether individuals can successfully suppress an intrusive thought confronting a reminder of it, a suppression technique employed on memory research. Thus, 76 undergraduates performed a thought suppression task with three monitoring intervals and were randomly allocated to a suppression-only, suppression confronting a reminder stimulus or monitor-only condition. Data analysis yielded an absence of paradoxical effects (rebound) on target thought frequency. However, the examination of the annoyance associated with the intrusions indicated that those individuals instructed to suppress without confronting the reminder maintained the same level of discomfort reported at baseline, whereas the other participants reduced the discomfort level, suggesting that the confrontation with a reminder is a recommendable strategy for emotion regulation. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the clinical and cognitive research on thought control.

vorige artikel Depressive Rumination and Directed Forgetting: An Examination of Encoding Style

volgende artikel Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT

Abramowitz, J. S. (1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27, 583–600.CrossRef

Abramowitz, J. S., Tolin, D. F., & Street, G. P. (2001). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 683–703.PubMedCrossRef

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.Revised). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.

Anderson, M. C., & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366–369.PubMedCrossRef

Anderson, M. C., Ochsner, K. N., Kuhl, B., Cooper, J., Robertson, E., Gabrieli, S. W., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. Science, 303, 232–235.PubMedCrossRef

Bannon, S., Gonsalvez, C. J., Croft, R. J., & Boyce, P. M. (2002). Response inhibition deficits in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 110, 165–174.PubMedCrossRef

Beevers, C., Wenzlaff, R., Hayes, S., & Scott, W. (1999). Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 133–148.CrossRef

Belloch, A., Morillo, C., & Giménez, A. (2004). Effects of suppressing neutral and obsession-like thoughts in normal subjects: Beyond frequency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 841–857.PubMedCrossRef

Bohne, A., Keuthen, N. J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2005). Cognitive inhibition in trichotillomania and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 923–942.PubMedCrossRef

Borton, J. L. S. (2002). The suppression of negative self-referent thoughts. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 15, 31–44.CrossRef

Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra L., & Westen, D. (2005). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 214–227.PubMedCrossRef

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic press.

Davies, M. I., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Thought suppression produces rebound effect with analogue post-traumatic intrusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 571–582.PubMedCrossRef

Deacon, B. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). Cognitive and behavioural treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta-analytic findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 429–441.PubMedCrossRef

Enticott, P. G., & Gold, R. S. (2002). Contrasting the ironic monitoring and motivational explanations of postsuppressional rebound. Psychological Reports, 90, 447–450.PubMedCrossRef

Forster, J., & Liberman, N. (2001). The role of attribution of motivation in producing postsuppressional rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 377–390.PubMedCrossRef

Freud, S. (1915/1957). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14) (transl. Baines, C. M. & Strachey, J.; ed. Strachey, J.). Hogarth, London.

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299.CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 551–573. .CrossRef

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281–291.PubMedCrossRef

Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). The role of valence in attempted thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 757–763.PubMedCrossRef

Harvey, A. G., & Payne, S. (2002). The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: Distraction with imagery versus general distraction. Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 40, 267–277.CrossRef

Hertel, P. T., & Calcaterra, G. (2005). Intentional forgetting benefits from thought substitution. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 484–489.PubMed

Howell, A., & Conway, M. (1992). Mood and the suppression of positive and negative self-referent thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 535–555.CrossRef

Janeck, A. S., & Calamari, J. E. (1999). Thought suppression in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 497–509.CrossRef

Kelly, A. E., & Kahn, J. H. (1994). Effects of suppression of personal intrusive thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 998–1006.CrossRef

Levy, B. J., & Anderson, M. C. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 299–305.PubMedCrossRef

Liberman, N., & Forster, J. (2000). Expression after suppression: A motivational explanation of postsuppressional rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 190–203.PubMedCrossRef

Markowitz, L. J., & Borton, J. L. S. (2002). Suppression of negative self-referent and neutral thoughts: A preliminary investigation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 271–277.CrossRef

McNally, R. J., & Ricciardi, J. N. (1996). Suppression of negative and neutral thoughts. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 17–25.CrossRef

Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., van den Hout, M., de Jong, P. (1991). Rebound effects of thought suppression: Instruction dependent? Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 225–238.

Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & de Jong, P. (1993). Verbalization and environmental cuing in thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 609–612.PubMedCrossRef

Nelson, E., Early, T. S., & Haller, J. W. (1993). Visual attention in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 49, 183–196.PubMedCrossRef

Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242–249.PubMedCrossRef

Page, A. C., Locke, V., & Trio, M. (2005). An online measure of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88 , 421–431.PubMedCrossRef

Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Classifying affectregulation strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 13 , 277–303.CrossRef

Purdon, C. (2001). Appraisal of obsessional thought recurrences: Impact on anxiety and mood state. Behavior Therapy, 32, 47–64.CrossRef

Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2000). White bears and other elusive intrusions: Assessing the relevance of thought suppression for obsessional phenomena. Behavior Modification, 24, 425–453.PubMedCrossRef

Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (2001). Suppression of obsession-like thoughts in non-clinical individuals: Impact on thought frequency, appraisal, and mood state. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1163–1181.PubMedCrossRef

Purdon, C. Rowa, K., & Antony, M. M. (2005). Thought suppression and its effects on thought frequency, appraisal and mood state in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 93–108.CrossRef

Roemer, L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). Effects of suppressing thoughts about emotional material. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 467–474.PubMedCrossRef

Salkovskis, P. M., & Campbell, P. (1994). Thought suppression induces intrusion in naturally occurring negative intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 1–8.PubMedCrossRef

Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-prime reference guide. Pittsburg: Psychology Software Tools Inc.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers. .

Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Hamlin, C., Foa, E. B., & Synodi, D. S. (2002). Attributions for thought suppression failure in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 505–517.CrossRef

Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Przeworski, A., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Thought suppression in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1255–1274.PubMedCrossRef

Tolin, D. F., Hamlin, C., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Directed forgetting in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 793–803.PubMedCrossRef

Trinder, H., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1994). Personally relevant intrusions outside the laboratory; long-term suppression increases intrusion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 833–842.PubMedCrossRef

Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts. New York: Viking/Penguin.

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34–52.PubMedCrossRef

Wegner, D. M., & Erber, R. (1992). The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 903–912.CrossRef

Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093–1104.PubMedCrossRef

Wegner, D. M., & Schneider, D. J. (2003). The white bear story. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 326–329.CrossRef

Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., White, T. I. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5–13.PubMedCrossRef

Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual review of Psychology, 51, 59–91.PubMedCrossRef

Wilhelm, S., McNally, R. J., Baer, L., & Florin, I. (1996). Directed forgetting in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 633–641.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Thought Suppression Confronting a Reminder Stimulus: An Effective Strategy for the Management of Intrusive Thoughts?
Auteurs: Juan V. Luciano
Salvador Algarabel
Publicatiedatum: 01-02-2008
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2008
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9075-0

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2008

Post-Event Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Idiosyncratic Priming in the Course of CBT

An Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Consequences of Worry Scale (COWS)

Differences in Automatic Thoughts Presented During Sexual Activity Between Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men and Women

Depression, Neuroticism, and Mood-regulation Expectancies for Engagement and Disengagement Coping Among Cigarette Smokers

An Examination of Anxiety Sensitivity as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Smoking Level and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Trauma-Exposed Adults

Cognitive Reactivity, Suicidal Ideation and Future Fluency: Preliminary Investigation of a Differential Activation Theory of Hopelessness/Suicidality