Background
Onychomycosis, a fungal infection of the nail plate, is a common dermatological condition frequently observed in clinical practice [
1‐
4]. Estimates suggest approximately 5.5% of people are affected world-wide, with a greater incidence among elderly and immunocompromised individuals, as well as people with comorbidities, such as peripheral arterial disease and diabetes [
2,
5‐
8]. Primarily caused by dermatophyte infection (specifically Trichophyton, Epidermophyton or Microsporum) or non-dermatophyte moulds or yeasts (e.G.
candida) [
9], onychomycosis often presents as nail dystrophy, discoloration and onycholysis, with or without strong odour [
3‐
5]. The condition may be painful [
1], cosmetically displeasing [
4] and negatively affect self-esteem and quality of life [
5,
7], as well as result in injury to adjacent skin and infections [
5,
7]. Effective and safe treatment is therefore essential.
Several traditional treatment options are available for onychomycosis, including topical antifungal regimens, systemic oral medications, as well as emerging therapies, such as laser, iontophoresis, UV light and photodynamic therapy [
6‐
8,
10]. Whilst emerging therapies are gaining popularity, they are often expensive to set up and there is little evidence to support their use in onychomycosis [
11,
12]. Traditional treatment choice often depends on the type and severity of the infection, as well as patient comorbidities [
3,
6]. There is a general consensus that topical treatments may be effective in mild to moderate cases, where less than 50% of the nail plate is affected and in the absence of nail matrix involvement [
3,
10]. Oral medications are often reserved for more severe cases [
6] and may be associated with an increased risk of hepatotoxicity and at times, contraindicated in individuals with affected kidney or cardiac function [
6].
Despite the availability of different treatment options, complete cure of onychomycosis is challenging to achieve [
1,
5‐
8,
11,
13]. Two Cochrane reviews have examined the evidence for oral [
14] and topical [
10] treatment intervention for onychomycosis. Unlike the body of evidence examining the efficacy of oral medication [
14], few (mostly small) studies have investigated the efficacy of topical treatments for onychomycosis [
10]. Despite this disparity, early and effective treatment with a topical antifungal agent is often preferred, particularly for those most at risk of onychomycosis, who are often unable to tolerate the side-effects of oral medication. Topical treatments, however, often require prolonged treatment regimens [at least twelve months) and have low success rates [
10]. Efforts that improve the efficacy of topical antifungal treatments are therefore of interest.
Chemical nail avulsion with topical urea cream has been suggested to improve the efficacy of topical antifungal treatments by improving penetration and bioavailability of topical agents [
4,
6,
7,
10]. Urea, in concentrations over approximately 30%, is considered a keratolytic agent [
15] that softens and hydrates the nail plate by denaturing the nail keratin and thus enhancing the drug penetration and promoting the avulsion of affected nails [
3,
4,
7]. Urea has long been used in dermatology and podiatry [
15] for the treatment of onychomycosis [
16‐
21]. Despite the theoretical basis to support the use of urea in the treatment of onychomycosis, the efficacy of urea as a monotherapy and an adjunct treatment remains unclear.
The purpose of this systematic literature review was to determine the evidence for the use of urea for the treatment of onychomycosis. Specifically, the efficacy and safety of urea as monotherapy and adjunct therapy, compared to standard and traditional treatment regimens.
Methods
A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify all studies that examine the efficacy and/or safety of urea in the treatment of onychomycosis. Specifically, urea as a monotherapy and as an adjunct therapy, compared to standard and traditional treatment regimens.
Systematic search
This review was conducted and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [
22]. Ten electronic databases were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid Medline, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), Ovid Embase, Ovid Emcare, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Clinical
Trials.gov.
The following search terms were used with truncation and MESH headings where relevant: Onychomycosis, tinea unguium, mycotic nail*, fung*al nail, nail fung*us, fung*al nail infection, dystroph*ic nails, onycholy*sis, dermatophyte*es, trichophyt*on rubrum, ringworm, urea, topical drug and topical administration. The search was not limited by date or language and the last search was conducted in mid-December 2017. Secondary search was performed on reference lists, cited by similar or recommended articles sections in different databases.
All search results were pooled and duplicates were removed. Two independent reviewers (SD and HB) screened titles and abstracts for eligibility (criteria described below) before reviewing the full texts. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer (LM).
Studies included for review
To maximise the potential for data capture, all forms of primary research design were considered, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs), clinical control trials (CCTs), quasi-experimental, pre-post cohort studies and case studies. The eligibility criteria for the population-intervention-comparator-outcome (PICO) is outlined below.
Population
Studies were included if the diagnosis of onychomycosis (of fingernails or toenails) was established using microscopy and culture, or alternative laboratory-based tests (e.g. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing or periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining), to confirm the presence of a fungal infection before treatment was commenced.
Intervention
Studies were included if the intervention was urea either as monotherapy or in combination with an antifungal agent where the effects of urea alone were determinable. The studies using urea as a control treatment were also included.
Comparator
The acceptable comparators were alternate interventions (topical or systemic anti-fungal agent or different urea-based treatment regimen). Studies that examine urea as a monotherapy, without a comparator were also considered for inclusion.
Outcome
The two main outcomes of interest were efficacy and safety. Efficacy was defined as clinical, mycological or complete cure (both clinical and mycological). Safety was defined as any reported adverse effects, such as irritation, erythema or itching.
Data extraction and analysis
All studies included for review were read in full by two independent reviewers (SD and LM). Data extraction involved recording details of the study design and level of evidence, sample characteristics, intervention/s, comparator/s and outcome measure of interest (efficacy and safety). To determine the level of evidence of included studies, the Intervention category of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) evidence hierarchy was used [
23]. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers (SD and LM) using Covidence® (Veritas health innovation LTD 2018), with any disputes resolved through discussion with a third reviewer (HB).
The NHMRC FORM methodology [
24] was used in the interpretation of findings and the implications for clinical practice. Previous systematic reviews have used this framework successfully [
25‐
27]. The framework consists of five main components: 1) evidence base (level on evidence hierarchy); 2) consistency; 3) clinical impact; 4) generalizability; and 5) applicability to the Australian health care setting. This last component was not used for this systematic review due to its international focus. Data extracted from included studies were examined descriptively.
Critical appraisal of methodological quality
The methodological quality of studies included for review was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies [
28,
29]. This critical appraisal tool assessed eight main components including: study purpose; literature review; study design (all experimental designs); sample (participants’ description, size justification, ethics and consent); outcomes (reliability and validity, outcome areas and measures used); intervention (description, contamination and co-intervention); results (statistical and clinical significance, analysis methods and drop outs) and conclusion with implications to practice (limitations and biases).
To suit this review, the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies was modified to include questions on the randomisation of groups where relevant, and the reliability of the assessment methods used to establish the diagnosis of onychomycosis. The individual components were rated as ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘not-addressed’ or ‘not applicable (NA)’. A score of ‘1’ was given to ‘yes’ and ‘0’ to ‘no and not-addressed’ while if ‘NA’ category applied than the total scoring was changed accordingly. The total score depended on the research design and relevant components with the maximum score being 17 (Additional file
1).
Two reviewers (SD and LM) independently assessed the methodological quality of the included studies and any disputes were resolved through discussion.
Discussion
This study reviewed the efficacy and safety of urea for the treatment of onychomycosis. Only a small body of literature, consisting of six studies, were found to investigate urea for management of onychomycosis. These studies seem to suggest urea as an adjunct or in combination with standard oral and topical treatment regimens, improves the efficacy of treatment, while remaining reasonably safe. However, due to the small sample sizes of the included studies, inconsistencies in protocols and variations in comparators and outcome measures, caution is required in interpreting these findings.
On review of the available data, several considerations require attention. Firstly, generalisability of study results is limited by small sample sizes and wide age range examined. Secondly, although all studies investigated mycosis in adults, the pathogen, type of infection and percentage of nail involvement varied or was not reported (Table
1). Thirdly, assessment periods and follow-up times varied considerably across studies. The majority of the studies [
30,
31,
34,
35] followed participants for 6 months or less, with one concluding 6 months following ‘complete cure’ [
33] and one continuing for 2 years [
32]. Fingernails grow faster than toenails (approximately 3.5 vs. 1.6 mm/month in young adults) [
36], however ageing and the presence of disease is known to slow growth [
37] suggesting a 6 month period may not be adequate. At the very least, these short time periods do not allow for adequate identification of infection relapse. Furthermore, the majority of the studies focused on mycological cure, which is defined as a negative nail culture and microscopy results [
38]. Whereas a complete cure, which considers the mycological outcome as well as visual improvements in nail appearance (known as clinical cure) was only investigated twice [
31,
32]. In both studies complete cure rates were reduced in comparison to mycological cure.
Given the concerns identified in the literature regarding the penetration and bioavailability of topical anti-fungal agents in the diseased nail plate [
4,
7], one use of urea can be partial or complete nail avulsion prior to standard topical anti-fungal treatment. Two studies reported successful chemical avulsion of clinical infected nail plate using 40% urea [
31,
35]. Lahfa et al. 2013 [
31], found statistically significant difference in nail avulsion rate in urea group when compared to control group, 86.3% vs 60.8% (
p = 0.028) and reported use of urea once daily for 3 weeks for nail avulsion before a topical antifungal (bifonazole) therapy for 8 weeks. Baran and Tosti 2002 [
35] reported 100% successful nail avulsion after application of urea with occlusion twice daily for 1 week with no antifungal treatment after nail avulsion. However, there was no control or comparator used. From a podiatric practice standpoint, this suggests urea could be a useful adjunct service in the management of fungal nail infections and may have potential to be an alternative method of nail remove where mechanical debridement or surgical intervention is contraindicated. More research is required, however, to determine the efficacy and safety of urea as a monotherapy.
Despite limited evidence on the efficacy and safety of urea for the treatment for onychomycosis, available studies seem to suggest that urea as an adjunct therapy to standard treatment regimens, improves the efficacy, while remaining safe. This is an important finding that warrants further investigation, particularly given that standard treatment regimens often involve prolonged treatment times with poor success rates [
6,
8,
10]. Given that many patients at risk of onychomycosis and at risk of associated complications are resistive to standard topical treatments or ineligible for oral medications, urea may be a promising adjunct to traditional treatment options. Further, urea appears cost effective, is accessible and will not require invasive pre-test clearance. Topical urea is therefore potentially a feasible option for podiatry-guided treatments of onychomycosis. Further studies are however needed to better understand the effects of different urea concentrations, application techniques and treatment regimens.
Conclusion
This review identifies a limited number of studies, of varying methodological quality, that examine the efficacy and safety of urea for the treatment of onychomycosis. While definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from this review, available studies suggest urea, as an adjunct to standard treatment regimens, may improve the efficacy of treatment. Urea alone, however, does not appear superior to standard treatments. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy and safety of urea as an adjunct to traditional onychomycosis treatment regimens.