Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies 8/2014

01-11-2014 | Original Paper

The Role of Stress Exposure and Family Functioning in Internalizing Outcomes of Urban Families

Auteurs: Ashli J. Sheidow, David B. Henry, Patrick H. Tolan, Martha K. Strachan

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 8/2014

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Although research suggests that stress exposure and family functioning are associated with internalizing problems in adolescents and caregivers, surprisingly few studies have investigated the mechanisms that underlie this association. To determine whether family functioning buffers the development of internalizing problems in stress-exposed families, we assessed the relation between stress exposure, family functioning, and internalizing symptoms among a large sample of inner-city male youth and their caregivers living in poverty across five waves of data collection. We hypothesized that stress exposure and family functioning would predict development of subsequent youth and caregiver internalizing problems and that family functioning would moderate this relation, with higher functioning families demonstrating greater resiliency to stress exposure. We used a longitudinal, prospective design to evaluate whether family functioning (assessed at waves one through four) activated or buffered the effects of stress exposure (assessed at wave one) on subsequent internalizing symptoms (assessed at waves four and five). Stress from Developmental Transitions and family functioning were significant predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety in youth; however, family functioning did not moderate the relation. Family functioning mediated the relation between stress from Daily Hassles and internalizing outcomes suggesting that poor parenting practices, low structure, and low emotional cohesion activate depression and anxiety in youth exposed to chronic and frequent everyday stressors. Surprisingly, only family functioning predicted depressive symptoms in caregivers. Results validate the use of a comprehensive, multi-informant assessment of stress when investigating internalizing outcomes in youth and support using family-based interventions in the treatment and prevention of internalizing.
Literatuur
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, TRF, profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, TRF, profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the teacher’s report form and teacher version of the child behavior profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1986). Manual for the teacher’s report form and teacher version of the child behavior profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
go back to reference Aday, R. H. (1994). Golden years behind bars: Special programs and facilities for elderly inmates. Federal Probation, 58, 47–54. Aday, R. H. (1994). Golden years behind bars: Special programs and facilities for elderly inmates. Federal Probation, 58, 47–54.
go back to reference Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716–723. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716–723.
go back to reference Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355–370.PubMed Amato, P. R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 355–370.PubMed
go back to reference Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.PubMed Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 26–46.PubMed
go back to reference Aneshensel, C. S., & Stone, J. D. (1982). Stress and depression: A test of the buffering model of social support. Archives of General Psychology, 39, 1392–1396. Aneshensel, C. S., & Stone, J. D. (1982). Stress and depression: A test of the buffering model of social support. Archives of General Psychology, 39, 1392–1396.
go back to reference Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions, hopelessness, and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 55, 361–366.PubMed Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions, hopelessness, and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 55, 361–366.PubMed
go back to reference Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in urban elementary school children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 23, 391–400. Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in urban elementary school children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 23, 391–400.
go back to reference Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1989). Slipping into and out of poverty: The dynamics of spells. Journal of Human Resources, 21, 1–23. Bane, M. J., & Ellwood, D. T. (1989). Slipping into and out of poverty: The dynamics of spells. Journal of Human Resources, 21, 1–23.
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMed Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.PubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised beck depression inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1365–1367.PubMed Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1984). Internal consistencies of the original and revised beck depression inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1365–1367.PubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.
go back to reference Bennett, D. S. (1994). Depression among children with chronic medical problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 19, 149–169.PubMed Bennett, D. S. (1994). Depression among children with chronic medical problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 19, 149–169.PubMed
go back to reference Black, A. E., & Pedro-Carroll, J. (1993). Role of parent-child relationships in mediating marital disruption. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1019–1027.PubMed Black, A. E., & Pedro-Carroll, J. (1993). Role of parent-child relationships in mediating marital disruption. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1019–1027.PubMed
go back to reference Bolger, N., Delongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Schilling, E. A. (1989). The effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 808–818.PubMed Bolger, N., Delongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Schilling, E. A. (1989). The effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 808–818.PubMed
go back to reference Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., Thompson, W. W., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1995). Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship. Child Development, 66, 1107–1129. Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., Thompson, W. W., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1995). Psychosocial adjustment among children experiencing persistent and intermittent family economic hardship. Child Development, 66, 1107–1129.
go back to reference Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Prior victimization: A risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among abused youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1401–1421.PubMed Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Prior victimization: A risk factor for child sexual abuse and for PTSD-related symptomatology among abused youth. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1401–1421.PubMed
go back to reference Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and Akaike’s information criteria (AIC). Psychometrika, 52, 345–370. Bozdogan, H. (1987). Model selection and Akaike’s information criteria (AIC). Psychometrika, 52, 345–370.
go back to reference Carr, A. (2009). The effectiveness of family therapy and systemic interventions for child-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 3–45. Carr, A. (2009). The effectiveness of family therapy and systemic interventions for child-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 3–45.
go back to reference Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1990). The minor events approach to stress: Support for the use of daily hassles. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 469–481.PubMed Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1990). The minor events approach to stress: Support for the use of daily hassles. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 469–481.PubMed
go back to reference Compas, B. E., Champion, J. E., Forehand, R., Cole, D. A., Reeslund, K. L., Fear, J., et al. (2010). Coping and parenting: Mediators of 12-month outcomes of a family group cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention with families of depressed parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 623–634.PubMedPubMedCentral Compas, B. E., Champion, J. E., Forehand, R., Cole, D. A., Reeslund, K. L., Fear, J., et al. (2010). Coping and parenting: Mediators of 12-month outcomes of a family group cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention with families of depressed parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 623–634.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.PubMed Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.PubMed
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H, Jr, Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1993). Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 29, 206–219. Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H, Jr, Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1993). Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 29, 206–219.
go back to reference Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H, Jr. (1994). Families in troubled times. New York, NY: DeGruyter. Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H, Jr. (1994). Families in troubled times. New York, NY: DeGruyter.
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (2002a). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541–561. Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (2002a). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541–561.
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents’ stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80–97.PubMed Conger, R. D., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents’ stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80–97.PubMed
go back to reference Conger, K. J., Rueter, M. A., & Conger, R. D. (2000). The role of economic pressure in the lives of parents and their adolescents: The family stress model. In L. J. Crockett & R. J. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 201–223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Conger, K. J., Rueter, M. A., & Conger, R. D. (2000). The role of economic pressure in the lives of parents and their adolescents: The family stress model. In L. J. Crockett & R. J. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 201–223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002b). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.PubMed Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002b). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.PubMed
go back to reference Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 764–772.PubMedPubMedCentral Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009). Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 764–772.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Costello, E. J., Keeler, G. P., & Angold, A. (2001). Poverty, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric disorder: A study of rural children. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1494–1498.PubMedPubMedCentral Costello, E. J., Keeler, G. P., & Angold, A. (2001). Poverty, race/ethnicity, and psychiatric disorder: A study of rural children. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1494–1498.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Crittenden, P. M., Claussen, A. H., & Sugarman, D. B. (1994). Physical and psychological maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 145–164. Crittenden, P. M., Claussen, A. H., & Sugarman, D. B. (1994). Physical and psychological maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 145–164.
go back to reference Crum, R. M., Green, K. M., Storr, C. L., Chan, Y.-F., Ialongo, N., Stuart, E. A., et al. (2008). Depressed mood in childhood and subsequent alcohol use through adolescence and young adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 702–712.PubMedPubMedCentral Crum, R. M., Green, K. M., Storr, C. L., Chan, Y.-F., Ialongo, N., Stuart, E. A., et al. (2008). Depressed mood in childhood and subsequent alcohol use through adolescence and young adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 702–712.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents’ marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1544–1552.PubMed Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents’ marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1544–1552.PubMed
go back to reference Cumsille, P. E., & Epstein, N. (1994). Family cohesion, family adaptability, social support, and adolescent depressive symptoms in outpatient clinic families. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 202–214. Cumsille, P. E., & Epstein, N. (1994). Family cohesion, family adaptability, social support, and adolescent depressive symptoms in outpatient clinic families. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 202–214.
go back to reference de Paúl, J., & Arruabarrena, M. I. (1995). Behavior problems in school-aged physically abused and neglected children in Spain. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 409–418.PubMed de Paúl, J., & Arruabarrena, M. I. (1995). Behavior problems in school-aged physically abused and neglected children in Spain. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 409–418.PubMed
go back to reference Deblinger, E., McLeer, S., Atkins, M., Ralphe, D., & Foa, E. (1989). Post-traumatic stress in sexually abused, physically abused, and nonabused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 403–408.PubMed Deblinger, E., McLeer, S., Atkins, M., Ralphe, D., & Foa, E. (1989). Post-traumatic stress in sexually abused, physically abused, and nonabused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 403–408.PubMed
go back to reference DeLongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1, 119–136. DeLongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1, 119–136.
go back to reference Diamond, G., & Josephson, A. (2005). Family-based treatment research: A 10-year update. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 872–887.PubMed Diamond, G., & Josephson, A. (2005). Family-based treatment research: A 10-year update. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 872–887.PubMed
go back to reference Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds.). (1974). Stressful life events. New York, NY: Wiley. Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds.). (1974). Stressful life events. New York, NY: Wiley.
go back to reference Dohrenwend, B. P., & Shrout, P. E. (1985). “Hassles” in the conceptualization and measurements of life stress variables. American Psychologist, 40, 780–785. Dohrenwend, B. P., & Shrout, P. E. (1985). “Hassles” in the conceptualization and measurements of life stress variables. American Psychologist, 40, 780–785.
go back to reference Dubow, E. F., Tisak, J., Causey, D., Hryshko, A., & Reid, G. (1991). A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problems-solving skills: Contributions to children’s behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Development, 62, 583–599.PubMed Dubow, E. F., Tisak, J., Causey, D., Hryshko, A., & Reid, G. (1991). A two-year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problems-solving skills: Contributions to children’s behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Development, 62, 583–599.PubMed
go back to reference Elgar, F. J., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., Stewart, S. H., & Curtis, L. J. (2004). Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 441–459.PubMed Elgar, F. J., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., Stewart, S. H., & Curtis, L. J. (2004). Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 441–459.PubMed
go back to reference Felner, R. D., Brand, S., DuBois, D. L., Adan, A. M., Mulhall, P. F., & Evans, E. G. (1995). Socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences, and socioemotional and academic adjustment: Investigation of a mediated effects model. Child Development, 66, 774–792.PubMed Felner, R. D., Brand, S., DuBois, D. L., Adan, A. M., Mulhall, P. F., & Evans, E. G. (1995). Socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences, and socioemotional and academic adjustment: Investigation of a mediated effects model. Child Development, 66, 774–792.PubMed
go back to reference Felner, R. D., Farber, S. S., & Primavera, J. (1983). Transitions and stressful life events: A model for primary prevention. In R. D. Felner, L. A. Jason, J. N. Moritsugu, & S. S. Farber (Eds.), Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice (pp. 199–215). New York, NY: Pergamon. Felner, R. D., Farber, S. S., & Primavera, J. (1983). Transitions and stressful life events: A model for primary prevention. In R. D. Felner, L. A. Jason, J. N. Moritsugu, & S. S. Farber (Eds.), Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice (pp. 199–215). New York, NY: Pergamon.
go back to reference Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Boldizar, J. P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 419–423. Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Boldizar, J. P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 419–423.
go back to reference Ge, X., Brody, G., Conger, R., & Simons, R. (2006). Pubertal maturation and African-American children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 528–537. Ge, X., Brody, G., Conger, R., & Simons, R. (2006). Pubertal maturation and African-American children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 528–537.
go back to reference Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, J. G. H. (2001). The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 49–70. Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, J. G. H. (2001). The relation between puberty and psychological distress in adolescent boys. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 49–70.
go back to reference Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003). It’s about timing and change: Pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths. Developmental Psychology, 39, 430–439.PubMed Ge, X., Kim, I. J., Brody, G. H., Conger, R. D., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003). It’s about timing and change: Pubertal transition effects on symptoms of major depression among African American youths. Developmental Psychology, 39, 430–439.PubMed
go back to reference Goodyer, I. M. (2001). Life events: Their nature and effects. In I. M. Goodyer (Ed.), The depressed child and adolescent (2nd ed., pp. 204–232). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goodyer, I. M. (2001). Life events: Their nature and effects. In I. M. Goodyer (Ed.), The depressed child and adolescent (2nd ed., pp. 204–232). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Gorman-Smith, D., & Tolan, P. H. (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 101–116.PubMed Gorman-Smith, D., & Tolan, P. H. (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 101–116.PubMed
go back to reference Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. (2000). A developmental-ecological model of the relation of family functioning to patterns of delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 169–198. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. (2000). A developmental-ecological model of the relation of family functioning to patterns of delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, 169–198.
go back to reference Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P., Sheidow, A. J., & Henry, D. (2001). Partner violence and criminal violence among urban adolescents: Do the same family factors relate? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 273–295. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P., Sheidow, A. J., & Henry, D. (2001). Partner violence and criminal violence among urban adolescents: Do the same family factors relate? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 273–295.
go back to reference Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Zelli, A., & Huesmann, L. R. (1996). The relation of family functioning to violence among inner-city minority youth. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 115–129. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Zelli, A., & Huesmann, L. R. (1996). The relation of family functioning to violence among inner-city minority youth. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 115–129.
go back to reference Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447–466.PubMed Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447–466.PubMed
go back to reference Gutman, L., McLoyd, V. C., & Tokoyawa, T. (2005). Financial strain, neighborhood stress, parenting behaviors, and adolescent adjustment in urban African American families. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 425–449. Gutman, L., McLoyd, V. C., & Tokoyawa, T. (2005). Financial strain, neighborhood stress, parenting behaviors, and adolescent adjustment in urban African American families. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 425–449.
go back to reference Hammack, P. L., Robinson, W. L., Crawford, I., & Li, S. T. (2004). Poverty and depressed mood among urban African-American adolescents: A family stress perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 309–323. Hammack, P. L., Robinson, W. L., Crawford, I., & Li, S. T. (2004). Poverty and depressed mood among urban African-American adolescents: A family stress perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 309–323.
go back to reference Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.PubMed Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.PubMed
go back to reference Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric status. Archives General Psychiatry, 47, 465–473. Harrington, R., Fudge, H., Rutter, M., Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: I. Psychiatric status. Archives General Psychiatry, 47, 465–473.
go back to reference Hernandez, D. J. (1993). America’s children: Resources from family, government, and the economy. New York: Sage. Hernandez, D. J. (1993). America’s children: Resources from family, government, and the economy. New York: Sage.
go back to reference Holmes, C. S., Yu, Z., & Frentz, J. (1999). Chronic and discrete stress as predictors of children’s adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 411–419.PubMed Holmes, C. S., Yu, Z., & Frentz, J. (1999). Chronic and discrete stress as predictors of children’s adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 411–419.PubMed
go back to reference Howard, D. E., Cross, S. I., Li, X., & Huang, W. (1999). Parental youth concordance regarding violence exposure: Relationship to youth psychosocial functioning. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 396–406.PubMed Howard, D. E., Cross, S. I., Li, X., & Huang, W. (1999). Parental youth concordance regarding violence exposure: Relationship to youth psychosocial functioning. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 396–406.PubMed
go back to reference Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., Paddock, S., Miles, J. N. V., Chandra, A., Meredith, L. S., et al. (2009). Impact of teen depression on academic, social, and physical functioning. Pediatrics, 124, 596–605. Jaycox, L. H., Stein, B. D., Paddock, S., Miles, J. N. V., Chandra, A., Meredith, L. S., et al. (2009). Impact of teen depression on academic, social, and physical functioning. Pediatrics, 124, 596–605.
go back to reference Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1–39.PubMed Kanner, A. D., Coyne, J. C., Schaefer, C., & Lazarus, R. S. (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 1–39.PubMed
go back to reference Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 191–214.PubMed Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 191–214.PubMed
go back to reference Kliewer, W., & Kung, E. (1998). Family moderators of the relation between hassles and behavior problems in inner-city youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 278–292.PubMed Kliewer, W., & Kung, E. (1998). Family moderators of the relation between hassles and behavior problems in inner-city youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 278–292.PubMed
go back to reference Kliewer, W., Lepore, S. J., Oskin, D., & Johnson, P. D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children’s adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 199–209.PubMed Kliewer, W., Lepore, S. J., Oskin, D., & Johnson, P. D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children’s adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 199–209.PubMed
go back to reference Kronenberger, W. G., & Thompson, R. J. (1990). Dimensions of family functioning in families with chronically ill children: A higher order factor analysis of the family environment scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 380–388. Kronenberger, W. G., & Thompson, R. J. (1990). Dimensions of family functioning in families with chronically ill children: A higher order factor analysis of the family environment scale. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 380–388.
go back to reference Lempers, J. D., Clark-Lempers, D., & Simons, R. L. (1989). Economic hardship, parenting, and distress in adolescence. Child Development, 60, 25–39.PubMed Lempers, J. D., Clark-Lempers, D., & Simons, R. L. (1989). Economic hardship, parenting, and distress in adolescence. Child Development, 60, 25–39.PubMed
go back to reference Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 309–337.PubMed Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 309–337.PubMed
go back to reference Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Farrington, D. P. (1991). Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology., 82, 36–82. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Farrington, D. P. (1991). Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology., 82, 36–82.
go back to reference Ludwig, J., Ladd, H. F., & Duncan, G. J. (2001). Urban poverty and educational outcomes. Brookings-Wharton papers on urban affairs (pp. 147–201) Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Ludwig, J., Ladd, H. F., & Duncan, G. J. (2001). Urban poverty and educational outcomes. Brookings-Wharton papers on urban affairs (pp. 147–201) Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
go back to reference Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Children’s distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 22–35.PubMed Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Children’s distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 22–35.PubMed
go back to reference McCabe, K. M., Clark, R., & Barnett, D. (1999). Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 137–150.PubMed McCabe, K. M., Clark, R., & Barnett, D. (1999). Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 137–150.PubMed
go back to reference McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003.PubMed McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 986–1003.PubMed
go back to reference McLoyd, V. C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on children. American Psychologist, 44, 293–302. McLoyd, V. C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on children. American Psychologist, 44, 293–302.
go back to reference McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346.PubMed McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346.PubMed
go back to reference McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. The American Psychologist, 53, 185–204.PubMed McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. The American Psychologist, 53, 185–204.PubMed
go back to reference McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. (1994). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562–589.PubMed McLoyd, V. C., Jayaratne, T. E., Ceballo, R., & Borquez, J. (1994). Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: Effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Development, 65, 562–589.PubMed
go back to reference Moos, R., & Moos, B. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. Moos, R., & Moos, B. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
go back to reference Morales, J. R., & Guerra, N. (2006). Effects of multiple context and cumulative stress on urban children’s adjustment in elementary school. Child Development, 77, 907–923.PubMed Morales, J. R., & Guerra, N. (2006). Effects of multiple context and cumulative stress on urban children’s adjustment in elementary school. Child Development, 77, 907–923.PubMed
go back to reference Moss, H. (1981). General discussion. In C. D. Moore (Ed.), Adolescence and stress: Report of an NIMH conference. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Moss, H. (1981). General discussion. In C. D. Moore (Ed.), Adolescence and stress: Report of an NIMH conference. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
go back to reference Murch, R. L., & Cohen, L. H. (1992). Relationships among life stress, perceived family environment, and the psychological distress of spina bifida adolescents. In M. C. Roberts & J. L. Wallander (Eds.), Family issues in pediatric psychology (pp. 45–66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Murch, R. L., & Cohen, L. H. (1992). Relationships among life stress, perceived family environment, and the psychological distress of spina bifida adolescents. In M. C. Roberts & J. L. Wallander (Eds.), Family issues in pediatric psychology (pp. 45–66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Muuss, R. E. (1982). Theories of Adolescence (4th ed.). New York, NY: Random House. Muuss, R. E. (1982). Theories of Adolescence (4th ed.). New York, NY: Random House.
go back to reference Nomura, Y., Wickramaratne, P. J., Warner, V., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: Ten-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 402–409.PubMed Nomura, Y., Wickramaratne, P. J., Warner, V., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: Ten-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 402–409.PubMed
go back to reference Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1985). FACES III, Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota (Unpublished manuscript). Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Lavee, Y. (1985). FACES III, Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota (Unpublished manuscript).
go back to reference Osofsky, J. D., Wewers, S., Hann, D. M., & Fick, A. C. (1993). Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children? Psychiatry, 56, 36–45.PubMed Osofsky, J. D., Wewers, S., Hann, D. M., & Fick, A. C. (1993). Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children? Psychiatry, 56, 36–45.PubMed
go back to reference Overstreet, S., Dempsey, M., Graham, D., & Moely, B. (1999). Availability of family support as a moderator of exposure to community violence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 151–159.PubMed Overstreet, S., Dempsey, M., Graham, D., & Moely, B. (1999). Availability of family support as a moderator of exposure to community violence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 151–159.PubMed
go back to reference Paikoff, R. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent–child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110, 47–66.PubMed Paikoff, R. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1991). Do parent–child relationships change during puberty? Psychological Bulletin, 110, 47–66.PubMed
go back to reference Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke-Morey, M. C. (2005). Parental psychological distress, parent–child relationship qualities, and child adjustment: Direct, mediating, and reciprocal pathways. Parenting, 5, 259–283. Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Goeke-Morey, M. C. (2005). Parental psychological distress, parent–child relationship qualities, and child adjustment: Direct, mediating, and reciprocal pathways. Parenting, 5, 259–283.
go back to reference Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Schermerhorn, A. C. (2004). Pathways among marital distress, parental symptomatology, and child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 368–384. Papp, L. M., Cummings, E. M., & Schermerhorn, A. C. (2004). Pathways among marital distress, parental symptomatology, and child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 368–384.
go back to reference Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys: A social interactional approach (Vol. 4), Eugene, OR: Castalia. Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys: A social interactional approach (Vol. 4), Eugene, OR: Castalia.
go back to reference Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witness to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7–21.PubMed Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witness to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7–21.PubMed
go back to reference Roehling, P. V., & Robin, A. L. (1986). Development and validation of the family beliefs inventory: A measure of unrealistic beliefs among parents and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 693–697. Roehling, P. V., & Robin, A. L. (1986). Development and validation of the family beliefs inventory: A measure of unrealistic beliefs among parents and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 693–697.
go back to reference Rudolph, K. D. (2008). Developmental influences on interpersonal stress generation in depressed youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 673–679.PubMedPubMedCentral Rudolph, K. D. (2008). Developmental influences on interpersonal stress generation in depressed youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 673–679.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Sander, J. B., & McCarty, C. A. (2005). Youth depression in the family context: Familial risk factors and models of treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 203–219.PubMedPubMedCentral Sander, J. B., & McCarty, C. A. (2005). Youth depression in the family context: Familial risk factors and models of treatment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 203–219.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., & West, S. G. (2008). Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study child development. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763. Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., & West, S. G. (2008). Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study child development. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763.
go back to reference Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of stress in African American youth: Predictors and outcomes of stress trajectories. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 419–430. Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of stress in African American youth: Predictors and outcomes of stress trajectories. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 419–430.
go back to reference Schneiders, J., Nicolson, N. A., Berkhof, J., Feron, F. J., van Os, J., & deVries, M. W. (2006). Mood reactivity to daily negative events in early adolescence: Relationship to risk for psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 42, 543–554.PubMed Schneiders, J., Nicolson, N. A., Berkhof, J., Feron, F. J., van Os, J., & deVries, M. W. (2006). Mood reactivity to daily negative events in early adolescence: Relationship to risk for psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 42, 543–554.PubMed
go back to reference Schwab-Stone, M. E., Ayers, T. S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., et al. (1995). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1343–1352.PubMed Schwab-Stone, M. E., Ayers, T. S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., et al. (1995). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1343–1352.PubMed
go back to reference Sheidow, A. J. (2000). Characterizing stress in inner-city families: A comparison of family stress models (Tech. rep.). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Youth Development Study. Sheidow, A. J. (2000). Characterizing stress in inner-city families: A comparison of family stress models (Tech. rep.). Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Youth Development Study.
go back to reference Sheidow, A. J., Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. B. (2001). Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 345–360. Sheidow, A. J., Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. B. (2001). Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 345–360.
go back to reference Sim, H. O. (2000). Relationship of daily hassles and social support to depression and antisocial behavior among early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 647–659. Sim, H. O. (2000). Relationship of daily hassles and social support to depression and antisocial behavior among early adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 647–659.
go back to reference Skinner, H. A., Steinhauer, P. D., & Santa-Barbara, J. (1983). The family assessment measure. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 2, 91–103. Skinner, H. A., Steinhauer, P. D., & Santa-Barbara, J. (1983). The family assessment measure. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 2, 91–103.
go back to reference Tolan, P. (1988). Socioeconomic, family, and social stress correlates of adolescent antisocial and delinquent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 317–331.PubMed Tolan, P. (1988). Socioeconomic, family, and social stress correlates of adolescent antisocial and delinquent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 317–331.PubMed
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Cromwell, R. E., & Brasswell, M. (1986). The application of family therapy to juvenile delinquency: A critical review of the literature. Family Process, 15, 619–649. Tolan, P. H., Cromwell, R. E., & Brasswell, M. (1986). The application of family therapy to juvenile delinquency: A critical review of the literature. Family Process, 15, 619–649.
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Henry, D. B. (2003). The developmental ecology of urban males’ youth violence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 274–291.PubMed Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Henry, D. B. (2003). The developmental ecology of urban males’ youth violence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 274–291.PubMed
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., Huesmann, R., & Zelli, A. (1997a). Assessment of family relationship characteristics: A measure to explain risk for antisocial behavior and depression among urban youth. Psychological Assessment, 9, 212–223. Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., Huesmann, R., & Zelli, A. (1997a). Assessment of family relationship characteristics: A measure to explain risk for antisocial behavior and depression among urban youth. Psychological Assessment, 9, 212–223.
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Guerra, N. G., & Kendall, P. C. (1995). A developmental ecological perspective on antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: Toward a unified risk and intervention framework. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 579–584.PubMed Tolan, P. H., Guerra, N. G., & Kendall, P. C. (1995). A developmental ecological perspective on antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: Toward a unified risk and intervention framework. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 579–584.PubMed
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Guerra, N. G., & Montaini-Klovdahl, L. R. (1997b). Staying out of harm’s way: Coping and the development of inner-city children. In S. A. Wolchik & I. N. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children’s coping: Linking theory and intervention (pp. 453–479). New York, NY: Plenum Press. Tolan, P. H., Guerra, N. G., & Montaini-Klovdahl, L. R. (1997b). Staying out of harm’s way: Coping and the development of inner-city children. In S. A. Wolchik & I. N. Sandler (Eds.), Handbook of children’s coping: Linking theory and intervention (pp. 453–479). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., & Lorion, R. P. (1988). Multivariate approaches to the identification of delinquency proneness in adolescent males. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 547–561.PubMed Tolan, P. H., & Lorion, R. P. (1988). Multivariate approaches to the identification of delinquency proneness in adolescent males. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 547–561.PubMed
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., & McKay, M. (1996). Preventing serious antisocial behavior in inner-city children: An empirically based family prevention program. Family Relations, 45, 148–155. Tolan, P. H., & McKay, M. (1996). Preventing serious antisocial behavior in inner-city children: An empirically based family prevention program. Family Relations, 45, 148–155.
go back to reference Tolan, P. H., Miller, L., & Thomas, P. (1988). Perception and experience of types of social stress and self-image among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 147–163.PubMed Tolan, P. H., Miller, L., & Thomas, P. (1988). Perception and experience of types of social stress and self-image among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 147–163.PubMed
go back to reference US Bureau of the Census. (1990). Current population reports (Series P-60, Nos. 181 and 133). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. US Bureau of the Census. (1990). Current population reports (Series P-60, Nos. 181 and 133). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
go back to reference US Bureau of the Census. (2010). Current population reports (Series P-20, No. 410). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. US Bureau of the Census. (2010). Current population reports (Series P-20, No. 410). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
go back to reference US Department of Health and Human Services. (1990). Vital and health statistics: Advance data (Report No. 188). Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics. US Department of Health and Human Services. (1990). Vital and health statistics: Advance data (Report No. 188). Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
go back to reference US Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). Vital Statistics of the United States, 1990, Volume 2, Mortality. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics. US Department of Health and Human Services. (1993). Vital Statistics of the United States, 1990, Volume 2, Mortality. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
go back to reference Vogel, J. M., & Vernberg, E. M. (1993). Part 1: Children’s psychological responses to disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(4), 464–484. Vogel, J. M., & Vernberg, E. M. (1993). Part 1: Children’s psychological responses to disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(4), 464–484.
go back to reference Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243–274. Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243–274.
go back to reference Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Verdeli, H., Pilowsky, D. J., et al. (2005). Families at high and low risk for depression: A 3-generation study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 29–36.PubMed Weissman, M. M., Wickramaratne, P., Nomura, Y., Warner, V., Verdeli, H., Pilowsky, D. J., et al. (2005). Families at high and low risk for depression: A 3-generation study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 29–36.PubMed
go back to reference Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2008). Adolescents’ coping with stress: Development and diversity. Prevention Researcher, 15, 3–7. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Skinner, E. A. (2008). Adolescents’ coping with stress: Development and diversity. Prevention Researcher, 15, 3–7.
go back to reference Zimmerman, G. M., & Pogarsky, G. (2011). The consequences of parental underestimation and overestimation of youth exposure to violence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 194–208. Zimmerman, G. M., & Pogarsky, G. (2011). The consequences of parental underestimation and overestimation of youth exposure to violence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 194–208.
Metagegevens
Titel
The Role of Stress Exposure and Family Functioning in Internalizing Outcomes of Urban Families
Auteurs
Ashli J. Sheidow
David B. Henry
Patrick H. Tolan
Martha K. Strachan
Publicatiedatum
01-11-2014
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 8/2014
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9793-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 8/2014

Journal of Child and Family Studies 8/2014 Naar de uitgave