Introduction
Adolescent Onset of Externalizing Behavior
Self-Control and Externalizing Behavior
Current Study
Methods
Procedure and Participants
Measures
Self-Reported Externalizing Behaviors (Time 1–Time 3)
Self-Control (Pre-assessment)
Friendship Nominations (Time 1–Time 3)
Analysis Strategy
Results
Descriptive Statistics of the Networks, and Externalizing Behaviors within Networks
Variable | School 1 | School 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | |
Age | ||||
Time 1 | 12.65 (0.43) | 12.65 (0.43) | 12.66 (0.48) | 12.70 (0.68) |
% Boys | ||||
Time 1* | 0.50 (0.50)a
| 0.48ab (0.50) | 0.47ab (0.50) | 0.61b (0.49) |
Antisocial behavior | ||||
Time 1 | 0.22 (0.41) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.29 (0.46) |
Time 2 | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.29 (0.45) |
Time 3 | 0.25 (0.43) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.27 (0.44) | 0.29 (0.46) |
Alcohol | ||||
Time 1* | 0.11ab (0.31) | 0.14a (0.34) | 0.07b (0.25) | 0.05b (0.22) |
Time 2 | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.07 (0.26) | 0.09 (0.29) |
Time 3 | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.14 (0.35) |
Smoking | ||||
Time 1* | 0.06ab (0.31) | 0.10a (0.42) | 0.01b (0.11) | 0.00b (0.00) |
Time 2 | 0.05 (0.28) | 0.10 (0.42) | 0.04 (0.20) | 0.05 (0.22) |
Time 3* | 0.13ab (0.44) | 0.19a (0.56) | 0.05ab (0.22) | 0.09b (0.29) |
Externalizing behaviors | ||||
Time 1 | ||||
1 behavior | 17.82 % | 19.23 % | 15.05 % | 24.26 % |
2 behaviors | 5.79 % | 5.39 % | 5.37 % | 4.12 % |
3 behaviors | 2.08 % | 4.87 % | 0.05 % | 0.00 % |
Time 2 | ||||
1 behavior | 22.45 % | 17.95 % | 15.05 % | 22.06 % |
2 behaviors | 5.09 % | 6.41 % | 3.76 % | 6.62 % |
3 behaviors | 1.85 % | 2.82 % | 2.15 % | 1.47 % |
Time 3 | ||||
1 behavior | 19.91 % | 21.78 % | 20.43 % | 22.06 % |
2 behaviors | 4.40 % | 7.69 % | 6.99 % | 5.88 % |
3 behaviors | 3.94 % | 3.85 % | 1.61 % | 2.94 % |
Self-control | ||||
Pre-assessment* | 3.63ab (0.87) | 3.57a (0.53) | 3.75b (0.61) | 3.70ab (0.67) |
Missing fraction | ||||
Time 1 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
Time 2 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
Time 3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Jaccard index | ||||
Time1–Time 2 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.45 |
Time 2–Time 3 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.45 |
SIENA Estimates of Friends’ Influence and Self-Control
Variable | School 1 | School 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | |
Network dynamics | ||||
Outdegree (density) | ||||
Period 1 | −2.23* (0.24) | −2.46* (0.18) | −2.51* (0.33) | 0.57 (1.22) |
Period 2 | 0.06 (0.19) | 0.25 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.26) | −0.44 (0.49) |
Reciprocity | 2.86* (0.08) | 2.38* (0.08) | 2.36* (0.18) | 2.65* (0.21) |
Transitive triplets | 0.55* (0.02) | 0.48* (0.02) | 0.48* (0.04) | 0.58* (0.06) |
Transitive reciprocated triplets | −0.51* (0.03) | −0.37* (0.02) | −0.44* (0.06) | −0.37* (0.07) |
3-cycles | −0.05* (0.02) | −0.10* (0.02) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.07) |
Indegree—popularity (sqrt) | ||||
Period 1 | 0.08* (0.03) | −0.08* (0.03) | 0.20* (0.04) | −0.01 (0.07) |
Period 2 | −0.10 (0.06) | −0.21* (0.07) | −0.05 (0.08) | −0.22 (0.15) |
Indegree—activity (sqrt) | −1.04* (0.10) | −0.73* (0.08) | −1.13* (0.25) | −1.81* (0.55) |
Outdegree—activity (sqrt) | 0.14* (0.02) | 0.15* (0.03) | 0.29* (0.06) | −0.01 (0.08) |
Sex alter | −0.18* (0.04) | −0.06* (0.04) | 0.10 (0.07) | −0.21* (0.08) |
Sex ego | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.61* (0.21) |
Sex similarity | 0.68* (0.04) | 0.84* (0.05) | 0.66* (0.07) | 0.58* (0.10) |
Class similarity | 0.42* (0.04) | 0.34* (0.04) | – | – |
Location similarity | 0.70* (0.05) | 0.82* (0.05) | 0.92* (0.07) | 0.54* (0.10) |
Self-control alter | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.09* (0.04) | −0.08 (0.05) |
Self-control ego | −0.10* (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.08) |
Self-control similarity | 0.32* (0.11) | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.93* (0.20) | −0.37 (0.28) |
Externalizing behavior alter | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.19* (0.04) | 0.05 (0.09) | −0.02 (0.12) |
Externalizing behavior ego | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.30* (0.04) | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.67* (0.23) |
Externalizing behavior similarity | 0.45* (0.19) | 0.99* (0.13) | 0.86* (0.37) | −0.10 (0.48) |
Self-control ego × externalizing behavior similarity | 0.04 (0.18) | −0.34 (0.18) | 0.31 (0.36) | −0.43 (0.40) |
Self-control alter × externalizing behavior similarity | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.18) | 0.20 (0.34) | −0.72 (0.39) |
Behavior dynamics | ||||
Externalizing behavior change period 1 | 1.33* (0.23) | 1.48* (0.22) | 1.41* (0.29) | 1.65* (0.43) |
Externalizing behavior change period 2 | 1.56* (0.23) | 1.89* (0.31) | 1.58* (0.35) | 1.15* (0.29) |
Externalizing behavior change linear shape | −1.26* (0.11) | −1.22* (0.12) | −1.44* (0.20) | −1.17* (0.20) |
Externalizing behavior change quadratic shape | 0.25* (0.08) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.33* (0.14) | 0.20 (0.15) |
Externalizing behavior influence | 1.15* (0.33) | 1.17* (0.27) | 0.93 (0.60) | 1.24* (0.57) |
Effect from self-control | −0.16 (0.16) | −0.61* (0.20) | −0.47* (0.23) | −0.42 (0.26) |
Self-control × externalizing behavior influence | −1.20 (0.93) | 0.49 (0.61) | 1.12 (1.16) | 0.50 (1.01) |