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01-05-2009 | Empirical Research

The Role of Mothers’ and Adolescents’ Perceptions of Ethnic-racial Socialization in Shaping Ethnic-racial Identity Among Early Adolescent Boys and Girls

Auteurs: Diane Hughes, Carolin Hagelskamp, Niobe Way, Monica D. Foust

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 5/2009

Abstract

The current study examined relationships between adolescents’ and mothers’ reports of ethnic-racial socialization and adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity. The sample included 170 sixth graders (49% boys, 51% girls) and their mothers, all of whom identified as Black, Puerto Rican, Dominican, or Chinese. Two dimensions of ethnic-racial socialization (cultural socialization and preparation for bias) were evaluated alongside three dimensions of ethnic-racial identity (exploration, affirmation and belonging, and behavioral engagement). Mothers’ reports of their cultural socialization predicted adolescents’ reports, but only adolescents’ reports predicted adolescents’ ethnic-racial identity processes. Mothers’ reports of preparation for bias predicted boys’ but not girls’ reports of preparation for bias. Again, only adolescents’ reports of preparation for bias predicted their ethnic-racial identity. Thus, several gender differences in relationships emerged, with mothers’ and adolescents’ perceptions of cultural socialization, in particular, playing a more important role in girls’ than in boys’ identity processes. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.

volgende artikel Cultural Orientations, Daily Activities, and Adjustment in Mexican American Youth

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We wish to acknowledge the complexity of coding ethnicity/race in an urban sample as diverse as the present sample. The main question used to categorize mother–adolescent pairs asked mothers about their primary ethnic-racial identity. However, open-ended questions asked to mothers and adolescents about their ethnic group membership underscore the fact that these sorts of questions oversimplify ethnic-racial group membership. Of the 62 mothers coded as Black, 19 mothers claimed a mixed ethnic heritage involving one or more other ethnic groups when asked, including Native American or Indian (n = 6), Dominican, Panamanian, Costa Rican, or Antiguan (n = 9), White (n = 8) and Asian (n = 1). Eight of these mothers mentioned 2 or more other ethnic groups. Among their adolescents, 7 claimed a mixed ethnic heritage. Of the 50 mothers coded as Latino, 9 claimed mixed heritage with a non-Latino group including White (n = 4) and African American (n = 5) whereas 6 claimed mixed heritage with a Latino group. None of these mothers mentioned more than one other ethnic group. Among their adolescents, 31 claimed an identity as Dominican, 6 as Puerto Rican, 7 as Hispanic, Spanish, or Latino, and 3 as a specific mixed-Latino heritage and 3 as a specific mixed-non-Latino heritage. Of the 58 mothers coded as Chinese, 7 claimed a mixed ethnic heritage including White (n = 4), Caribbean (n = 1), Burmese (n = 1) and Filipino (n = 1). All but 2 of the Chinese adolescents claimed a sole identity as Chinese. However, in t-test comparing means for all of the major study variables (parent and adolescent reported ethnic-racial socialization; adolescent reported ethnic identity variables) of those claiming a mixed heritage compared to those claiming a single ethnic heritage, none of the means were significantly different at (or near) a p value of less than .10. Nevertheless, we re-estimated all equations omitting mixed-heritage mother–adolescent pairs, which did not change the patterns we report.

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Titel: The Role of Mothers’ and Adolescents’ Perceptions of Ethnic-racial Socialization in Shaping Ethnic-racial Identity Among Early Adolescent Boys and Girls
Auteurs: Diane Hughes
Carolin Hagelskamp
Niobe Way
Monica D. Foust
Publicatiedatum: 01-05-2009
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 5/2009
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9399-7

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