Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Gepubliceerd in:

09-03-2021 | Original Article

The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts

Auteurs: Inés Nieto, Ernst H. W. Koster, Jonas Everaert

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 6/2021

Abstract

Background

Reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy that has been linked to positive emotional and health outcomes. However, the basic cognitive mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of reappraisal remain understudied and not well understood. To address this limitation, the present study examined whether long-term memory processes, including emotional memory accessibility, memory bias, and overgeneral memory, are related to individual differences in reappraisal effectiveness.

Methods

All participants (N = 101) completed a memory accessibility and sentence completion memory task to measure bias, specificity, and accessibility of emotional memories. Next, participants completed an emotion regulation task requesting them to either attend to or reappraise negative self-referent thoughts.

Results

The results of the linear regression models showed that memory bias, but not memory specificity or accessibility, accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the effectiveness of reappraisal. Retrieval of more negative memories was related to lower reductions in negative mood.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that emotional long-term memory processes, and particularly memory bias, may modulate downregulation of negative emotions when implementing reappraisal. These insights could be leveraged to guide psychological treatments using cognitive techniques that rely on successful reappraisal use.

vorige artikel Gait Patterns and Mood in Everyday Life: A Comparison Between Depressed Patients and Non-depressed Controls

volgende artikel Does Test Anxiety Predispose Poor School-Related Wellbeing and Enhanced Risk of Emotional Disorders?

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237.CrossRef

Bebko, G. M., Franconeri, S. L., Ochsner, K. N., & Chiao, J. Y. (2014). Attentional deployment is not necessary for successful emotion regulation via cognitive reappraisal or expressive suppression. Emotion, 14(3), 504–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035459CrossRefPubMed

Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichartd, A., Pejic, T., Dippe, A., & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1230–1237.CrossRef

Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Routledge Academic.

Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. (2019). Training to inhibit negative content affects memory and rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43, 1018–1027.CrossRef

del Palacio-Gonzalez, A., & Berntsen, D. (2020). Memory-related emotion regulation and its relation to internalizing symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 1162–1176.CrossRef

Dritschel, B., Kao, C. M., Astell, A., Neufeind, J., & Lai, T. J. (2011). How are depression and autobiographical memory retrieval related to culture? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(4), 969–974.CrossRef

Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Castro, A., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2020). When negative interpretations persist, positive emotions don’t! Inflexible negative interpretations encourage depression and social anxiety by dampening positive emotions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 124, 103510.CrossRef

Everaert, J., Grahek, I., Duyck, W., Buelens, J., Van den Bergh, N., & Koster, E. H. W. (2017). Mapping the interplay among cognitive biases, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 31(4), 726–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1144561CrossRefPubMed

Gross, J. J. (2007). Handbook of emotion regulation. The Guildford Press.

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.CrossRef

Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24). The Guilford Press.

Hermans, D., Vandromme, H., Debeer, E., Raes, F., Demyttenaere, K., Brunfaut, E., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Overgeneral autobiographical memory predicts diagnostic status in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 668–677.CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A. (2009). How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(5), 389–394.CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29(5), 409–416.CrossRef

Hoorelbeke, K., Koster, E. H. W., Demeyer, I., Loey, T., & Marie-Anne, V. (2016). Effects of cognitive control training on the dynamics of (mal)adaptive emotion regulation in daily life. Emotion, 16(7), 945–956.CrossRef

Jackson, D., Malmstadt, J., Larson, C., & Davidson, R. (2000). Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to negative pictures. Psychophysiology, 37(4), 515–522.CrossRef

Joorman, J., & D’Avanzato, C. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cognition and Emotion, 24(6), 913–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931003784939CrossRef

Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition & Emotion, 24(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948CrossRef

Joormann, J., & Siemer, M. (2004). Memory accessibility, mood regulation, and dysphoria: Difficulties in repairing sad mood with happy memories? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(2), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.179CrossRefPubMed

Joormann, J., & Vanderlind, W. M. (2014). Emotion regulation in depression: The role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 402–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536163CrossRef

Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1301–1320.CrossRef

LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019). Depression: A cognitive perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 69, 51–66.CrossRef

MacLeod, C., & Campbell, L. (1992). Memory accessibility and probability judgments: An experimental evaluation of the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 890–902.CrossRef

Manera, V., Samson, A. C., Pehrs, C., Lee, I. A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). The eyes have it: The role of attention in cognitive reappraisal of social stimuli. Emotion, 14(5), 833–839.CrossRef

Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167–195.CrossRef

Matt, G. E., Vazquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 227–255.CrossRef

Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1215–1229.CrossRef

Pe, M. L., Raes, F., & Kuppens, P. (2013). The cognitive building blocks of emotion regulation: Ability to update working memory moderates the efficacy of rumination and reappraisal on emotion. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069071CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., & Eelen, P. (2007). A sentence completion procedure as an alternative to the autobiographical memory test for assessing overgeneral memory in non-clinical populations. Memory, 15(5), 495–507.CrossRef

Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 410–424.CrossRef

Rusting, C. L., & DeHart, T. (2000). Retrieving positive memories to regulate negative mood: Consequences for mood-congruent memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 737–752.CrossRef

Sanchez, A., Everaert, J., & Koster, E. H. W. (2016). Attention training through gaze-contingent feedback: Effects on reappraisal and negative emotions. Emotion, 16(7), 1074–1085.CrossRef

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press Inc.

Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

Urry, H. L. (2009). Using reappraisal to regulate unpleasant emotional episodes: Goals and timing matter. Emotion, 9(6), 782–797.CrossRef

Urry, H. L. (2010). Seeing, thinking, and feeling: Emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal. Emotion, 10(1), 125–135.CrossRef

Van der Does, A. J. W. (2002). Handleiding bij de Nederlandse versie van de Beck Depression Inventory—Second edition (BDI-II-NL). [The Dutch version of the Beck Depresion Inventory-II]. Swets & Zeitlinger.

Van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Handleiding bij de Zelf-Beoordelings Vragenlijst [The Dutch version of the STAI]. Harcourt Assessment b.v.

Vanderhasselt, M. A., Kühn, S., & De Raedt, R. (2013). “Put on your poker face”: Neural systems supporting the anticipation for expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(8), 903–910.CrossRef

Watson, C., & Purdon, C. (2008). Attention training in the reduction and reappraisal of intrusive thoughts. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(1), 61–70.CrossRef

Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808.CrossRef

Williams, J. M. G. (1996). Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 244–267). Cambridge University Press.

Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., & Watkins, E. R. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psycho Logical Bulletin, 133(1), 122–148.CrossRef

Yeh, N., Barber, S. J., Suri, G., & Opitz, P. (2020). The role of reappraisal success in emotional and memory outcomes. Emotion, 20(6), 939–950.CrossRef

Titel: The Role of Emotional Memory in Reappraising Negative Self-referent Thoughts
Auteurs: Inés Nieto
Ernst H. W. Koster
Jonas Everaert
Publicatiedatum: 09-03-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 6/2021
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10216-6

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2021

Metacognitions and Obsessive Beliefs in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: A Study of Within- and Between-Person Effects on Long-Term Outcome

Attentional Control Moderates the Relations between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Symptoms

Distress Intolerance Prospectively Predicts Traumatic Intrusions Following an Experimental Trauma in a Non-clinical Sample

Emotion Regulation and Repetitive Negative Thinking Before and After CBT and SSRI Treatment of Internalizing Psychopathologies

Rescripting Social Trauma: A Pilot Study Investigating Imagery Rescripting as an Adjunct to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder

Understanding the Dynamic Interaction of Maladaptive Social-Evaluative Beliefs and Social Anxiety: A Latent Change Score Model Approach