Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-08-2015 | Original Article

The Role of Early Experience and Cognitive Vulnerability: Presenting a Unified Model of the Etiology of Panic

Auteurs: L. K. McGinn, K. B. Nooner, J. Cohen, K. D. Leaberry

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2015

Abstract

Cognitive vulnerability models have been developed to explicate the etiology of panic and other anxiety disorders. This study takes a step forward by presenting a unified vulnerability model that incorporates a continuum of proximal and distal factors involved in the etiology of panic. The present study tested distal elements of the model, including childhood histories of vicarious and instrumental learning, and cognitive constructs such as anxiety sensitivity and perceived control. Our study found that parental modeling of the dangerousness of anxiety symptoms accounted for more model variance than from direct experiences with arousal-reactive symptoms or from parental reinforcement of the child’s own sick role behavior when experiencing arousal reactive symptoms. We found that parental modeling independently predicted model variance even when perceived control was included in the model. Our results indicated that low perceived anxiety control and anxiety about bodily symptoms uniquely accounted for variance in the model. Our findings add to the growing body of research and suggest that anxiety about bodily symptoms and low perceived control together may interact to create a stronger distal vulnerability construct for panic than either construct alone in individuals whose childhood caregivers may have modeled fear of anxiety symptoms. The results of this study provide support for the inclusion of distal factors in unified cognitive vulnerability models of panic disorder as well as for future prospective research of these constructs.

vorige artikel Contextual Influences on Distress Intolerance: Priming Effects on Behavioral Persistence

volgende artikel The Use of Motivation Enhancement Therapy to Increase Utilization of a Preventative Intervention for Anxiety Sensitivity

Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Haeffel, G. J., MacCoon, D. G., & Gibb, B. E. (2002). Cognitive vulnerability-stress models of depression in a self-regulatory and psychobiological context. In I. H. Gotlib and C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression (3rd ed., pp. 268–294). New York: Guilford Press.

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: APA Press.

Asmundson, G. J. G., & Norton, G. R. (1995). Anxiety sensitivity in patients with physically unexplained chronic back pain: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 771–777. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00012-M.PubMedCrossRef

Barlow, D. H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247–1263. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247.PubMedCrossRef

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (2001). Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step by-step treatment manual (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561–571.PubMedCrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International University Press.

Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive approaches to panic disorder: Theory and therapy. In S. Rachman & J. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 91–109). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias. New York: Basic Books.

Bentley, K. H., Gallagher, M. W., Boswell, J. F., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., Woods, S. W., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). The interactive contributions of perceived control and anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder: A triple vulnerabilities perspective. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35, 57–64. doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9311-8.CrossRef

Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1993). Psychopathology and early experience: A reappraisal of retrospective reports. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 82–98. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.82.PubMedCrossRef

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2013). Transactional relationships among cognitive vulnerabilities, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 399–410. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9691-y.PubMedCrossRef

Chambless, D. L., Caputo, G. C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984). Assessment of fear of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1090–1097. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.52.6.1090.PubMedCrossRef

Chambless, D. L., & Gracely, E. J. (1989). Fear of fear and the anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 9–20. doi:10.1007/BF01178486.CrossRef

Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3.PubMedCrossRef

Chorpita, B. F., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 29, 457–476. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80043-9.CrossRef

Clark, D. M. (1986). A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 461–470. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90011-2.PubMedCrossRef

Clark, D. M. (1988). A cognitive model of panic. In S. Rachman & J. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives (pp. 71–89). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. London: Routledge.

Cox, B. J. (1996). The nature and assessment of catastrophic thoughts in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 363–374. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00075-5.PubMedCrossRef

Cox, B. J., Kuch, K., Parker, J. D. A., Shulman, I. D., & Evans, R. J. (1994). Alexithymia in somatoform disorder patients with chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 523–527. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90049-3.PubMedCrossRef

Cox, B. J., Norton, G. R., & Swinson, R. P. (1992). The panic attack questionnaire, revised. Toronto, Canada: Unpublished Questionnaire, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry.

Cukor, D., & McGinn, L. K. (2006). History of child abuse and severity of adult depression: The mediating role of cognitive schema. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 15, 19–34.PubMedCrossRef

Ehlers, A. (1993). Somatic symptoms and panic attacks: A retrospective study of learning experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 269–278. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90025-P.PubMedCrossRef

Eysenck, M. W., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1987). Cognitive functioning and anxiety. Psychological Research, 49, 189–195. doi:10.1007/BF00308686.PubMedCrossRef

Gregor, K. L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2008). Evaluating the singular and interactive effects in the prediction of anxious and fearful responding to bodily sensations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1017–1025.PubMedCrossRef

Hamilton, J. L., Stange, J. P., Shapero, B. G., Connolly, S. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013). Cognitive vulnerabilities as predictors to stress generation in early adolescence: Pathway to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1027–1039. doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9742-z.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Hofmann, S. G., Levitt, J. T., Hoffman, E. C., Greene, K., Litz, B. T., & Barlow, D. H. (2000). Potentially traumatizing events in panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 101–102.CrossRef

Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Lang, A. J., & McNiel, D. E. (2006). Use of the Anxiety Control Questionnaire in psychiatric inpatients. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 107–112. doi:10.1002/da.20133.PubMedCrossRef

Li, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and panic attacks: A 1 year longitudinal study. Behavior Modification, 31, 145–161. doi:10.1177/0145445506296969.PubMedCrossRef

McGinn, L. K., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 219–242. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-3166-1.CrossRef

McGinn, L. K., Jerome, Y., & Nooner, K. (2010). Family functioning and anxiety in school age children: The mediating role of control cognitions. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3, 228–244.CrossRef

McNally, R. J. (1994). Panic disorder: A critical analysis. New York: Guilford Press.

McNally, R. J. (2001). On the scientific status of cognitive appraisal models of anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 513–521. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00073-5.PubMedCrossRef

Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Seidel, A., Bhaskara, L., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 691–704. doi:10.1037/a0019552.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1992). Anxiety Sensitivity Index manual (2nd ed.). Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Systems.

Peterson, R. A., & Reiss, S. (1993). Anxiety Sensitivity Index revised test manual. Worthington, OH: International Diagnostic Systems.

Plehn, K., & Peterson, R. A. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of the development of panic symptoms, panic attacks, and panic disorder: A prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 455–474. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00129-9.PubMedCrossRef

Rapee, R. M. (2002). The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: Prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 52, 947–957. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01572-X.PubMedCrossRef

Rapee, R. M., Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Measurement of perceived control over anxiety-related events. Behavior Therapy, 27, 279–293. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(96)80018-9.CrossRef

Reiss, S. (1991). Expectancy model of fear, anxiety, and panic. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 141–153. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90092-9.CrossRef

Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In S. Reiss & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107–121). New York: Academic Press.

Riskind, J. H., Kleiman, E. M., Weingarden, H., & Danvers, A. F. (2013). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety in the stress generation process: Further investigation of the interaction effect between the looming cognitive style and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 381–387. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.03.002.PubMedCrossRef

Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (2005). A unique vulnerability common to all anxiety disorders: The looming maladaptive style. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 175–206). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (2006). The looming cognitive style: A cognitive vulnerability for anxiety disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 779–801.CrossRef

Ross, M., & Conway, M. (1986). Remembering one’s own past: The construction of personal histories. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 122–144). New York: Wiley.

Schmidt, N. B., Keough, M. E., Mitchell, M. A., Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., Zvolensky, M. J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity: Prospective prediction of anxiety among early adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 503–508.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., & Lerew, D. R. (2002). Prospective evaluation of perceived control, predictability, and anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 207–214. doi:10.1023/A:1020795114296.CrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1997). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Prospective evaluation of spontaneous panic attacks during acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 355–364. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.355.PubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Jackson, R. J. (1999). Prospective evaluation of anxiety sensitivity in the pathogenesis of panic: Replication and extension. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 532–537. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.3.532.PubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2000). Prospective evaluation of the etiology of anxiety sensitivity: Test of a scar model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1083–1095. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00138-2.PubMedCrossRef

Schmidt, N. B., & Woolaway-Bickel, K. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to panic disorder. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 207–234). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & Maner, J. K. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity: Prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis 1 pathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 691–699.PubMedCrossRef

Sigmon, S. T., Fink, C. M., Rohan, K. J., & Hotovy, L. A. (1996). Anxiety sensitivity and menstrual cycle reactivity: Psychophysiological and self-report differences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 393–410. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(96)00019-9.CrossRef

Stewart, S. H., Taylor, S., Jang, K. L., Cox, B. J., Watt, M. C., Fedoroff, I. C., & Borger, S. C. (2001). Causal modeling of relations among learning history, anxiety sensitivity, and panic attacks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 443–456. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00023-1.PubMedCrossRef

Taylor, S. (1996). Nature and measurement of anxiety sensitivity: Reply to Lilienfeld, Turner, and Jacob (1996). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 425–451. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(96)00021-7.CrossRef

Teachman, B. A. (2005). Information processing and anxiety sensitivity: Cognitive vulnerability to panic reflected in interpretation and memory biases. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 479–499. doi:10.1007/s10608-005-0627-5.CrossRef

Watt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2000). Anxiety sensitivity mediates the relationships between childhood learning experiences and elevated hypochondriacal concerns in young adulthood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 49, 107–118. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00097-0.PubMedCrossRef

Watt, M. C., Stewart, S. H., & Cox, B. J. (1998). A retrospective study of the learning history origins of anxiety sensitivity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 505–525. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10029-8.PubMedCrossRef

Whitehead, W. E., Busch, C. M., Heller, B. R., & Costa, P. T. (1986). Social learning influences on menstrual symptoms and illness behavior. Health Psychology, 5, 13–23. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.5.1.13.PubMedCrossRef

Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.

Zebb, B. J., & Moore, M. C. (1999). Another look at the psychometric properties of the Anxiety Control Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1091–1103. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00206-X.PubMedCrossRef

Zinbarg, R. E., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity, panic, and depressed mood: A reanalysis teasing apart the contributions of the two levels in the hierarchical structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 372–377. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.372.PubMedCrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., & Forsyth, J. P. (2002). Anxiety dimensions in the prediction of body vigilance and emotional avoidance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 449–460.CrossRef

Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Antipova, A. V., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Diathesis stress model for panic-related distress: A test in a Russian epidemiological sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 521–532. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.09.001.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: The Role of Early Experience and Cognitive Vulnerability: Presenting a Unified Model of the Etiology of Panic
Auteurs: L. K. McGinn
K. B. Nooner
J. Cohen
K. D. Leaberry
Publicatiedatum: 01-08-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9673-9

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2015

Contextual Influences on Distress Intolerance: Priming Effects on Behavioral Persistence

Initial Psychometric Properties of the Attentional Fixation on Suicide Experiences Questionnaire

Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Self-Efficacy in Contamination Fear: The Contamination Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES)

Age Differences in Interpretation Bias in Community and Comorbid Depressed and Anxious Samples

Perceived Emotion Control Moderates the Relationship Between Neuroticism and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Modeling the Neuroanatomical and Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Cognitive Insight in Non-clinical Subjects