Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 4/2007

01-12-2007

The Responses to Script-Driven Imagery Scale (RSDI): Assessment of State Posttraumatic Symptoms for Psychobiological and Treatment Research

Auteurs: James W. Hopper, Paul A. Frewen, Martin Sack, Ruth A. Lanius, Bessel A. van der Kolk

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 4/2007

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Studies of PTSD employing symptom provocation have seldom included self-report measures of the symptoms provoked. Doing so could benefit psychobiological research by improving diagnostic discrimination and capturing the heterogeneity of responses to script-driven imagery, and treatment research by complementing existing outcome measures. This paper describes the initial development and psychometric properties of the Responses to Script-Driven Imagery Scale (RSDI), a brief self-report measure of state PTSD and dissociative symptoms evoked by script-driven imagery, a widely used symptom provocation method in PTSD research. Across three samples and three variants of the script-driven imagery paradigm, confirmatory factor analysis fit a hypothesized and sample-invariant three-factor structure for the RSDI, composed of reexperiencing, avoidance, and dissociative symptoms. Subscales exhibited acceptable to high internal consistency reliabilities, and construct validity evidence was strong and consistent with predictions. The RSDI shows promise as a tool for psychobiological and treatment outcome research on PTSD.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.PubMedCrossRef Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Manual for the revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Manual for the revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. E. (1996). Beck depression inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. E. (1996). Beck depression inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 174, 727–735.CrossRef Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 174, 727–735.CrossRef
go back to reference Blair, E., & Burton, S. (1987). Cognitive processes used by survey respondents to answer behavioral frequency questions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 280–288.CrossRef Blair, E., & Burton, S. (1987). Cognitive processes used by survey respondents to answer behavioral frequency questions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 280–288.CrossRef
go back to reference Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., et al. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.PubMed Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., et al. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.PubMed
go back to reference Bremner, J. D., Krystal, J. H., Putnam, F. W., Southwick, S. M., Marmar, C., Charney, D. S., et al. (1998). Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 125–136.PubMedCrossRef Bremner, J. D., Krystal, J. H., Putnam, F. W., Southwick, S. M., Marmar, C., Charney, D. S., et al. (1998). Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 125–136.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D. S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1787–1795.PubMed Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D. S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1787–1795.PubMed
go back to reference Briere, J. (2002). Multidimensional Dissociation Inventory (MDI). Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources. Briere, J. (2002). Multidimensional Dissociation Inventory (MDI). Odessa, Fl: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Briere, J., Weathers, F. W., & Runtz, M. (2005). Is dissociation a multidimensional construct? Evidence from the multiscale dissociation inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 221–231.PubMedCrossRef Briere, J., Weathers, F. W., & Runtz, M. (2005). Is dissociation a multidimensional construct? Evidence from the multiscale dissociation inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 221–231.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, & programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, & programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation, 6, 16–27. Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation, 6, 16–27.
go back to reference Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 645–654.PubMedCrossRef Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 645–654.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., Mayran, L. W., & Sainton, K. (1994). Convergent validity of the new form of the DES. Dissociation, 7, 101–103. Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., Mayran, L. W., & Sainton, K. (1994). Convergent validity of the new form of the DES. Dissociation, 7, 101–103.
go back to reference First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
go back to reference Foa, E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson. Foa, E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) manual. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451.CrossRef Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451.CrossRef
go back to reference Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., Rothbaum, B. O., & Olasov, B. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–473.CrossRef Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., Rothbaum, B. O., & Olasov, B. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–473.CrossRef
go back to reference Freyberger, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Stieglitz, R.-D. (1999). Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen. Bern, Germany: Hans Huber. Freyberger, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Stieglitz, R.-D. (1999). Fragebogen zu Dissoziativen Symptomen. Bern, Germany: Hans Huber.
go back to reference Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 44–66.CrossRef Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 44–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Frischholz, E. J., Braun, B. G., Sachs, R. G., Hopkins, L., Shaeffer, D. M., Lewis, J., et al. (1990). The Dissociative Experiences Scale: Further replication and validation. Dissociation, 3, 151–153. Frischholz, E. J., Braun, B. G., Sachs, R. G., Hopkins, L., Shaeffer, D. M., Lewis, J., et al. (1990). The Dissociative Experiences Scale: Further replication and validation. Dissociation, 3, 151–153.
go back to reference Griffin, M. G., Resick, P. A., & Mechanic, M. B. (1997). Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: Psychophysiological indicators. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1081–1088.PubMed Griffin, M. G., Resick, P. A., & Mechanic, M. B. (1997). Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: Psychophysiological indicators. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1081–1088.PubMed
go back to reference Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R. (1993). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 5, 408–412.CrossRef Hewitt, P. L., & Norton, G. R. (1993). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: A psychometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 5, 408–412.CrossRef
go back to reference Hiller, W., Zaudig, M., & Mombour, W. (1995). IDCL-Internationale Diagnosen Checklisten für ICD-10 und DSM-IV. Bern, Switzerland: Huber. Hiller, W., Zaudig, M., & Mombour, W. (1995). IDCL-Internationale Diagnosen Checklisten für ICD-10 und DSM-IV. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.
go back to reference Hopper, J. W., Frewen, P. A., van der Kolk, B. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2007). Dimensional analysis of responses to script-driven trauma imagery in PTSD: Neural correlates of re-experiencing, avoidance, and dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress (in press). Hopper, J. W., Frewen, P. A., van der Kolk, B. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2007). Dimensional analysis of responses to script-driven trauma imagery in PTSD: Neural correlates of re-experiencing, avoidance, and dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress (in press).
go back to reference Hopper, J. W., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Retrieving, assessing, and classifying traumatic memories: A preliminary report on three case studies of a new standardized method. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 4, 33–71.CrossRef Hopper, J. W., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2001). Retrieving, assessing, and classifying traumatic memories: A preliminary report on three case studies of a new standardized method. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 4, 33–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Hütter, B. O., & Fischer, G. (1997). Clinimetric evaluation of the German version of the Impact of Event Scale. Presented at the 2nd European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Hütter, B. O., & Fischer, G. (1997). Clinimetric evaluation of the German version of the Impact of Event Scale. Presented at the 2nd European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
go back to reference Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998). Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 185–192.PubMedCrossRef Jaycox, L. H., Foa, E. B., & Morral, A. R. (1998). Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 185–192.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Keane, T. M., Kolb, L. C., Kaloupek, D. G., Orr, S. P., Blanchard, E. B., Thomas, R. G., et al. (1998). Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 914–923.PubMedCrossRef Keane, T. M., Kolb, L. C., Kaloupek, D. G., Orr, S. P., Blanchard, E. B., Thomas, R. G., et al. (1998). Utility of psychophysiological measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 914–923.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90–96.CrossRef King, D. W., Leskin, G. A., King, L. A., & Weathers, F. W. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale: Evidence for the dimensionality of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 90–96.CrossRef
go back to reference Kruger, C., & Mace, C. J. (2002). Psychometric validation of the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 75, 33–35.CrossRef Kruger, C., & Mace, C. J. (2002). Psychometric validation of the State Scale of Dissociation (SSD). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 75, 33–35.CrossRef
go back to reference Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., & Kozak, M. J. (1983). Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective-response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 276–306.PubMedCrossRef Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., & Kozak, M. J. (1983). Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective-response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 276–306.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R., Lanius, U., & Pain, C. (2006). A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: Heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 709–729.PubMedCrossRef Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R., Lanius, U., & Pain, C. (2006). A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: Heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 709–729.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Bluhm, R. L., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M., et al. (2005). Functional connectivity of dissociative responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 873–884.PubMedCrossRef Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Bluhm, R. L., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M., et al. (2005). Functional connectivity of dissociative responses in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 873–884.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K., Densmore, M., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W., et al. (2002). Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 305–311.PubMedCrossRef Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K., Densmore, M., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W., et al. (2002). Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 305–311.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W., et al. (2001). Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1920–1922.PubMedCrossRef Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W., et al. (2001). Neural correlates of traumatic memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1920–1922.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference MacCallum, R. C., Widamon, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99.CrossRef MacCallum, R. C., Widamon, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. J. (1997). The peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 412–428). New York: Guilford. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. J. (1997). The peritraumatic dissociative experiences questionnaire. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 412–428). New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Kulka, R. A., et al. (1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theatre veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902–907.PubMed Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Kulka, R. A., et al. (1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theatre veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902–907.PubMed
go back to reference Meade, A. W., & Lautenschlager, G. J. (2004). A Monte-Carlo study of confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement equivalence/invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 60–72.CrossRef Meade, A. W., & Lautenschlager, G. J. (2004). A Monte-Carlo study of confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement equivalence/invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 60–72.CrossRef
go back to reference Nixon, R. D. V., Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Felmingham, K. L., & Mastrodomenico, J. A. (2005). Physiological arousal and dissociation in acute trauma victims during trauma narratives. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 107–113.PubMedCrossRef Nixon, R. D. V., Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Felmingham, K. L., & Mastrodomenico, J. A. (2005). Physiological arousal and dissociation in acute trauma victims during trauma narratives. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 107–113.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Orr, S. P., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1997). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 69–97). New York: Guilford. Orr, S. P., & Kaloupek, D. G. (1997). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 69–97). New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Lasko, N. B., & Herz, L. R. (1993). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 152–159.PubMedCrossRef Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Lasko, N. B., & Herz, L. R. (1993). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in World War II and Korean combat veterans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 152–159.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Orr, S. P., & Roth, W. T. (2000). Psychophysiological assessment: Clinical applications for PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 225–240.PubMedCrossRef Orr, S. P., & Roth, W. T. (2000). Psychophysiological assessment: Clinical applications for PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 225–240.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pitman, R. K. (1997). Overview of biological themes in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 1–9.PubMedCrossRef Pitman, R. K. (1997). Overview of biological themes in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 1–9.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Forgue, D. F., de Jong, J. B., & Claiborn, J. M. (1987). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 970–975.PubMed Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Forgue, D. F., de Jong, J. B., & Claiborn, J. M. (1987). Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 970–975.PubMed
go back to reference Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Individual differences in psychophysiological reactivity in adults with childhood abuse. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 271–276.CrossRef Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Individual differences in psychophysiological reactivity in adults with childhood abuse. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 271–276.CrossRef
go back to reference Shalev, A. Y., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1992). Psychophysiologic response during script-driven imagery as an outcome measure in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 324–326.PubMed Shalev, A. Y., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1992). Psychophysiologic response during script-driven imagery as an outcome measure in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 324–326.PubMed
go back to reference Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Morgan, C. A., Johnson, D., Nagy, L. M., Nicolaou, A., et al. (1993). Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 266–274.PubMed Southwick, S. M., Krystal, J. H., Morgan, C. A., Johnson, D., Nagy, L. M., Nicolaou, A., et al. (1993). Abnormal noradrenergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 266–274.PubMed
go back to reference Steer, R. A., Ranieri, W. F., Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1993). Further evidence for the validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 195–205.CrossRef Steer, R. A., Ranieri, W. F., Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1993). Further evidence for the validity of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 195–205.CrossRef
go back to reference Steinberg, M. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric. Steinberg, M. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric.
go back to reference Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. M., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Thinking about answers: The applications of cognitive processes to survey methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. M., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Thinking about answers: The applications of cognitive processes to survey methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
go back to reference Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133.CrossRef Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2001). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Weathers, F. W., Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133.CrossRef Weathers, F. W., Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (1999). Psychometric properties of nine scoring rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychological Assessment, 11, 124–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Weiss, D., & Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of event scale–revised. In J. Wilson & T. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford. Weiss, D., & Marmar, C. (1997). The impact of event scale–revised. In J. Wilson & T. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford.
go back to reference World Health Organization (1992). The international classification of diseases of mental and behavioral disorders (10th ed.). Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (1992). The international classification of diseases of mental and behavioral disorders (10th ed.). Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Metagegevens
Titel
The Responses to Script-Driven Imagery Scale (RSDI): Assessment of State Posttraumatic Symptoms for Psychobiological and Treatment Research
Auteurs
James W. Hopper
Paul A. Frewen
Martin Sack
Ruth A. Lanius
Bessel A. van der Kolk
Publicatiedatum
01-12-2007
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 4/2007
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-007-9046-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2007

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 4/2007 Naar de uitgave