Introduction
Cognitive Vulnerability Models for Depression and Anxiety
Personality-Cognitive Styles and Depression and Anxiety
Neuroticism
Incremental Validity of Predictors
Objectives
Method
Participants
Procedure
Measure of Neuroticism
International Personality Item Pool-NEO-PI-R
Measures of Cognitive Vulnerability
Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ)
Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS)
Measure of Personality-Cognitive Style
Personal Style Inventory (PSI-II)
Measures of Depressive and Anxiety Symptomatology
Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ)
Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD)
Social Phobia Scale (SPS)
Situational Fears Questionnaire (SFQ)
Fear Survey Schedule (FSS)
Preparation for Analyses
Plan for Analyses
Results
Bivariate Relationships Between Vulnerabilities and Symptoms
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. N | ||||||||||||||
2. CSQ | .50 | |||||||||||||
3. DAS | .58 | .50 | ||||||||||||
4. SOC | .56 | .48 | .53 | |||||||||||
5. AUT | .50 | .42 | .50 | .46 | ||||||||||
6. IDD | .56 | .43 | .44 | .39 | .41 | |||||||||
7. MASQ-GD | .63 | .50 | .50 | .52 | .49 | .72 | ||||||||
8. MASQ-AD | .56 | .38 | .44 | .28 | .44 | .56 | .61 | |||||||
9. DEPCOMP | .67 | .50 | .53 | .46 | .51 | .88 | .90 | .83 | ||||||
10. MASQ-GA | .52 | .39 | .35 | .38 | .39 | .58 | .72 | .38 | .65 | |||||
11. MASQ-AA | .39 | .28 | .30 | .28 | .35 | .53 | .63 | .34 | .58 | .77 | ||||
12. SPS | .54 | .39 | .39 | .44 | .42 | .47 | .50 | .37 | .51 | .40 | .41 | |||
13. SFQ | .34 | .24 | .23 | .29 | .23 | .36 | .34 | .20 | .34 | .34 | .34 | .54 | ||
14. FSS | .33 | .19 | .13 | .24 | .17 | .21 | .23 | .13 | .22 | .21 | .19 | .38 | .47 | |
Mean-Item | 2.78 | 3.45 | 3.12 | 3.65 | 3.42 | 0.53 | 2.11 | 2.68 | – | 1.81 | 1.51 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.78 |
SD | 0.54 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.43 | 0.87 | .65 | – | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 1.08 |
Specific Vulnerabilities and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety
R
2
| CSQ | DAS | Soc | Aut | ∑sr
2
| Unique variance | Shared variance | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
| |||||
DEP COMP |
.42
|
.23
| .03 |
.24
| .04 |
.11
| .01 |
.25
| .04 | .12 | .28 | .72 |
MASQ-GD |
.41
|
.22
| .03 |
.17
| .02 |
.23
| .03 |
.20
| .03 | .11 | .27 | .73 |
MASQ-AD |
.28
|
.16
| .02 |
.26
| .04 | −.05 | .00 |
.27
| .05 | .11 | .39 | .61 |
MASQ-GA |
.24 (.02) |
.20 (.07) | .03 (.00) | .06 (−.08) | .00 (.00) |
.17 (.10) | .02 (.01) |
.20 (.06) | .03 (.00) | .07 | .31 | .69 |
MASQ-AA |
.16 (.01) |
.10 (−.02) | .01 (.00) |
.10 (−.03) | .01 (.00) | .07 (.01) | .00 (.00) |
.23 (.09)
| .04 (.00) | .05 | .32 | .68 |
SPS |
.28 (.07) |
.15 (.08) | .01 (.00) |
.10 (.03) | .01 (.00) |
.22 (.19) | .03 (.02) |
.20 (.13) | .03 (.01) | .08 | .29 | .71 |
SFQ |
.10 (.02) | .09 (.04) | .01 (.00) | .05 (−.01) | .00 (.00) |
.18 (.15) | .02 (.01) | .09 (.02) | .00 (.00) | .03 | .31 | .69 |
FSS |
.07 (.03) |
.10 (.07) | .01 (.00) | −.06 (−.09) | .00 (.00) |
.19 (.18) | .02 (.02) | .06 (.03) | .00 (.00) | .04 | .51 | .49 |
Overlap of the Specific Vulnerabilities
Incremental Validity Analyses Examining Specific Vulnerabilities and N
R
2
| N | CSQ | DAS | Soc | Aut | ∑sr
2
| Unique variance | Shared variance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
|
β
|
sr
2
| |||||
DEP COMP |
.52
|
.45
| .11 |
.15
| .01 |
.12
| .01 | −.01 | .00 |
.17
| .02 | .15 | .28 | .72 |
MASQ-GD |
.49
|
.37
| .07 |
.15
| .02 |
.06 | .00 |
.14
| .01 |
.14
| .01 | .12 | .24 | .76 |
MASQ-AD |
.37
|
.42
| .09 |
.09
| .01 |
.14
| .01 |
−.16
| .02 |
.19
| .02 | .15 | .40 | .60 |
MASQ-GA |
.31 (.02) |
.37 (.13)
| .07 (.01) |
.14 (.06) | .01 (.00) | −.04 (−.10)
| .00 (.01) | .07 (.08) | .00 (.00) |
.14 (.05) | .01 (.00) | .10 | .32 | .68 |
MASQ-AA |
.19 (.01) |
.25 (.00) | .03 (.00) | .06 (−.02) | .00 (.00) | .03 (−.04) | .00 (.00) | .01 (.01) | .00 (.00) |
.18 (.09)
| .02 (.00) | .06 | .30 | .70 |
SPS |
.34 (.10) |
.35 (.26)
| .06 (.03) |
.09 (.06) | .01 (.00) | .00 (−.02) | .00 (.00) |
.14 (.14)
| .01 (.01) |
.14 (.11)
| .01 (.01) | .09 | .27 | .73 |
SFQ |
.13 (.03) |
.24 (.15)
| .03 (.01) | .05 (.02) | .00 (.00) | −.01 (−.04) | .00 (.00) |
.12 (.12)
| .01 (.01) | .04 (.01) | .00 (.00) | .04 | .30 | .70 |
FSS |
.13 (.08) |
.33 (.33)
| .06 (.05) | .04 (.04) | .00 (.00) |
−.15 (−.15)
| .01 (.01) |
.11 (.11)
| .01 (.01) | .01 (.01) | .00 (.00) | .08 | .62 | .38 |