Top

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Gepubliceerd in:

28-03-2020 | Review

The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Youth Mental Health: A Systematic Review

Auteurs: Annemarie Nicol, Anita S. Mak, Kristen Murray, Iain Walker, Dean Buckmaster

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 4/2020

Abstract

Background

Although early maladaptive schemas (EMS) have been strongly associated with psychopathology in adults, this association is less clear in young people since schemas are still emerging. This systematic review examines the relationship between EMS and psychopathology in young people to assess the degree to which EMS discriminate between psychopathologies, consistent with the cognitive content specificity hypothesis.

Methods

PsycINFO, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically searched.

Results

Fifty-eight studies were identified for inclusion, with 24,005 participants across all studies. We found evidence of the relationship between EMS and psychopathology in young people. EMS were found to discriminate between depression, anxiety, eating pathology, borderline symptomology, and externalizing behaviors.

Conclusion

Findings are discussed in the context of treatment approaches for psychopathology in youth, specifically through an increased understanding of the role of EMS in this developmental period. We also suggest future research directions and discuss the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed, including a bias towards community samples, and a lack of consistency in EMS measures. These findings suggest that EMS may be an important area to target when treating youth presenting with psychological distress.

volgende artikel Interpersonal Coordination Dynamics in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review

Abdolahzadeh Rafi, M., Adibsereshki, N., & Hasanzadeh Aval, M. (2017). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in relationships of emotional maltreatment and emotional disorders. European Journal of Mental Health,12, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.5708/EJMH.12.2017.1.7.CrossRef

Alba, J., & Calvete, E. (2019). Bidirectional relationships between stress, depressive symptoms, and cognitive vulnerabilities in adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,38, 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.2.87.CrossRef

Alba, J., Calvete, E., Wante, L., Van Beveren, M., & Braet, C. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research,42, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9874-5.CrossRef

Bakhshi Bojed, F., & Nikmanesh, Z. (2013). Role of early maladaptive schemas on addiction potential in youth. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors & Addiction,2, 72–76. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.10148.CrossRef

Baranoff, J., Oei, T. P. S., Ho Cho, S., & Kwon, S.-M. (2006). Factor structure and internal consistency of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Korean and Australian samples. Journal of Affective Disorders,93, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N., & Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences,94, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.021.CrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

Beck, A. T. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford Press.

Bosmans, G., Braet, C., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2010). Attachment and symptoms of psychopathology: Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive link? Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,17, 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.667.CrossRefPubMed

Calvete, E. (2013). Emotional abuse as a predictor of early maladaptive schemas in adolescents: Contributions to development of depressive and social anxiety symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect,38, 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.014.CrossRef

Calvete, E., & Connor-Smith, J. K. (2005). Automatic thoughts and psychological symptoms: A cross-cultural comparison of American and Spanish students. Cognitive Therapy & Research,29, 201–2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-3165-2.CrossRef

Calvete, E., Estevez, A., Lopez de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The schema questionnaire-short form: Structure and relationship with automatic thoughts and symptoms of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,21, 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90.CrossRef

Calvete, E., Fernandez-Gonzalez, L., Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. M., & Gamez-Guadix, M. (2018a). Continued bullying victimization in adolescents: Maladaptive schemas as a mediational mechanism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,47, 650–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0677-5.CrossRefPubMed

Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Orue, I., & Little, T. D. (2018b). Exposure to family violence and dating violence perpetration in adolescents: Potential cognitive and emotional mechanisms. Psychology of Violence,8, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000076.CrossRef

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & González-Diez, Z. (2013a). An examination of the structure and stability of early maladaptive schemas by means of the Young Schema Questionnaire-3. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,29, 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000158.CrossRef

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2013b). Early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents: The mediating role of anxious automatic thoughts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,27, 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.011.CrossRefPubMed

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2013c). Transactional relationships among cognitive vulnerabilities, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,41, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9691-y.CrossRefPubMed

Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,37, 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9438-x.CrossRef

Camara, M., & Calvete, E. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the impact of stressful events on anxiety and depression in university students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,34, 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9261-6.CrossRef

Cecero, J. J., Nelson, J. D., & Gillie, J. M. (2004). Tools and tenets of schema therapy: Toward the construct validity of the early maladaptive schema questionnaire-research version (EMSQ-R). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,11, 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.401.CrossRef

Cooper, M. J., Rose, K. S., & Turner, H. (2005). Core beliefs and the presence or absence of eating disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders,38, 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20157.CrossRefPubMed

Crawford, E., & O'Dougherty Wright, M. (2007). The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on interpersonal schemas and subsequent experiences of relationship aggression. Journal of Emotional Abuse,7, 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v07n02_06.CrossRef

Cui, L., Lin, W., & Oei, T. P. S. (2011). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Chinese undergraduate students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction,9, 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9283-4.CrossRef

Damiano, S. R., Reece, J., Reid, S., Atkins, L., & Patton, G. (2015). Maladaptive schemas in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa and implications for treatment. Eating Behaviors,16, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.10.016.CrossRefPubMed

DiBartoli, P. M., Albano, A. M., Barlow, D. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (1998). Cross-informant agreement in the assessment of social phobia in youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,26, 631–655. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022624318795.CrossRef

Dozois, D. J. A., Eichstedt, J. A., Collins, K. A., Phoenix, E., & Harris, K. (2012). Core beliefs, self-perception, and cognitive organization in depressed adolescents. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy,5, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.99.CrossRef

Dozois, D. J. A., Martin, R. A., & Faulkner, B. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas, styles of humor and aggression. Humor,26, 97–116. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2013-0006.CrossRef

Esmaeilian, N., Dehghani, M., Koster, E. H. W., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder features in a nonclinical sample: A network analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,26, 388–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2360.CrossRef

Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, Z. (2007). Thinking afresh about the classification of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders,40, S107–S110. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20460.CrossRefPubMed

Frías, Á., Navarro, S., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Aliaga, F., Salvador, A., et al. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas associated with dimensional and categorical psychopathology in patients with borderline personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,25, e30–e41. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2123.CrossRef

Friedmann, J. S., Lumley, M. N., & Lerman, B. (2016). Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,45, 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1100212.CrossRefPubMed

Gay, L. E., Harding, H. G., Jackson, J. L., Burns, E. E., & Baker, B. D. (2013). Attachment style and early maladaptive schemas as mediators of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma,22, 408–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.775982.CrossRef

Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., . . . Arntz, A. (2006). Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 649–658. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/209673.

Gong, J., & Chan, R. C. K. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas as mediators between childhood maltreatment and later psychological distress among Chinese college students. Psychiatry Research,259, 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.019.CrossRefPubMed

González-Díez, Z., Calvete, E., Riskind, J. H., & Orue, I. (2015). Test of an hypothesized structural model of the relationships between cognitive style and social anxiety: A 12-month prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,30, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.014.CrossRefPubMed

Güner, O. (2017). Psychometric properties and normative values of early maladaptive schema questionnaires set for children and adolescents (SQS). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,24, 534–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2049.CrossRef

Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Cognitive Therapy & Research,34, 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5.CrossRef

Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,107, 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.128.CrossRefPubMed

Harding, H. G., Burns, E. E., & Jackson, J. L. (2012). Identification of child sexual abuse survivor subgroups based on early maladaptive schemas: Implications for understanding differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Cognitive Therapy and Research,36, 560–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9385-8.CrossRef

Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2011). Schema theory and schema therapy in mood and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly,25, 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257.CrossRef

Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., Wang, C. E., Holthe, H., Haugum, J. A., et al. (2005). The structure of maladaptive schemas: A confirmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales. Cognitive Therapy & Research,29, 627–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-9630-0.CrossRef

Hulbert, C. A., Jennings, T. C., Jackson, H. J., & Chanen, A. M. (2011). Attachment style and schema as predictors of social functioning in youth with borderline features. Personality and Mental Health,5, 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.169.CrossRef

Kellogg, S. H., & Young, J. E. (2006). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology,62, 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20240.CrossRefPubMed

Khorramdel, K., Abolghasemi, A., Rakhshani, T., Nikdast, S. P., & Rajabi, S. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas as predictor of adolescents runaway. Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy,15, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.12740/APP/20629.CrossRef

Klibert, J., Lamis, D. A., Naufel, K., Yancey, C. T., & Lohr, S. (2015). Associations between perfectionism and generalized anxiety: Examining cognitive schemas and gender. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,33, 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-015-0208-9.CrossRef

Kmet, L., Lee, R., & Cook, L. (2001). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Edmonton: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR).

Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Thompson, K., Selwyn, C., Finnegan, H., & Misra, T. (2017). Maladaptive schemas mediate poor parental attachment and suicidality in college students. Death Studies,41, 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1280714.CrossRefPubMed

Lawrence, K., Allen, J., & Chanen, A. (2011). A study of maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder in young people. Cognitive Therapy & Research,35, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9292-4.CrossRef

Lewis, S. P., Lumley, M. N., & Grunberg, P. H. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and non-suicidal self-injury among young adults: A preliminary investigation. Counselling Psychology Quarterly,28, 386–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1074887.CrossRef

Lumley, M. N., & Harkness, K. L. (2007). Specificity in the relations among childhood adversity, early maladaptive schemas and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research,31, 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9100-3.CrossRef

Masley, S. A., Gillanders, D. T., Simpson, S. G., & Taylor, M. A. (2012). A systematic review of the evidence base for schema therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,41, 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2011.614274.CrossRefPubMed

Mateos-Pérez, E., Calvete, E., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). Negative inferences as mediators of the predictive association between early maladaptive schemas and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,34, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.259.CrossRef

Meyer, C., & Gillings, K. (2004). Parental bonding and bulimic psychopathology: The mediating role of mistrust/abuse beliefs. International Journal of Eating Disorders,35, 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10236.CrossRefPubMed

Meyer, C., Leung, N., Feary, R., & Mann, B. (2001). Core beliefs and bulimic symptomatology in non-eating-disordered women: The mediating role of borderline characteristics. International Journal of Eating Disorders,30, 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1104.CrossRefPubMed

Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., … Group, P.-P. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1.CrossRef

Muris, P. (2006). Maladapative schemas in non-clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,13, 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.506.CrossRef

O'Dougherty Wright, M., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect,33, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007.CrossRef

Oei, T. P. S., & Baranoff, J. (2007). Young Schema Questionnaire: Review of psychometric and measurement issues. Australian Journal of Psychology,59, 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530601148397.CrossRef

Orue, I., Calvete, E., & Padilla, P. (2014). Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence,37, 1281–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.09.004.CrossRefPubMed

Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). Early maladaptive schemas of personality disorder subtypes. Journal of Personality Disorders,15, 546–559. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.6.546.19189.CrossRefPubMed

Reeves, M., & Taylor, J. (2007). Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,14, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.519.CrossRef

Richardson, G. (2005). Early maladaptive schemas in a sample of British adolescent sexual abusers: implications for therapy. Journal of Sexual Aggression,11, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600500402419.CrossRef

Rickwood, D., White, A., & Eckersley, R. (2007). Overview of current trends in mental health problems for Australia's youth and adolescents. Clinical Psychologist,11, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284200701870970.CrossRef

Rijkeboer, M. M., & de Boo, G. M. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Development and validation of the schema inventory for children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,41, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.001.CrossRefPubMed

Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,39, 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465811000117.CrossRefPubMed

Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2013). Attachment quality and psychopathological symptoms in clinically referred adolescents: The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Child and Family Studies,22, 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x.CrossRefPubMed

Roemmele, M., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2011). Child abuse, early maladaptive schemas, and risky sexual behavior in college women. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,20, 264–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.575445.CrossRefPubMed

Sajadi, S. F., Arshadi, N., Zargar, Y., Mehrabizade Honarmand, M., & Hajjari, Z. (2015). Borderline personality features in students: The predicting role of schema, emotion regulation, dissociative experience and suicidal ideation. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction,4, e20021. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.20021v2.CrossRefPubMed

Santos, L., Vagos, P., & Rijo, D. (2018). Dimensionality and measurement invariance of a brief form of the Young Schema Questionnaire for Adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies,27, 2100–2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1050-3.CrossRef

Saritaş-Atalar, D., & Gencoz, T. (2015). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between maternal rejection and psychological problems. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26, 40–47. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25742036.

Saritaş, D., & Gençöz, T. (2011). Psychometric properties of "Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3" in a Turkish adolescent sample. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies,11, 83–96.

Schniering, C. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). The relationship between automatic thoughts and negative emotions in children and adolescents: A test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,113, 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.3.464.CrossRefPubMed

Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L., & Anderson, S. (2013). Early maladaptive schemas among young adult male substance abusers: A comparison with a non-clinical group. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,44, 522–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shorey, R. C., Stuart, G. L., & Anderson, S. (2014). Differences in early maladaptive schemas between a sample of young adult female substance abusers and a non-clinical comparison group. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,21, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1803.CrossRefPubMed

Simons, R. M., Sistad, R. E., Simons, J. S., & Hansen, J. (2018). The role of distress tolerance in the relationship between cognitive schemas and alcohol problems among college students. Addictive Behaviors,78, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.020.CrossRefPubMed

Stallard, P. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Stability and differences between a community and a clinic referred sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,14, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.511.CrossRef

Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S., & Cooper, M. J. (2005a). Parental bonding and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents: The meditating role of core beliefs. Eating Behaviors,6, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.08.010.CrossRefPubMed

Turner, H. M., Rose, K. S., & Cooper, M. J. (2005b). Schema and parental bonding in overweight and nonoverweight female adolescents. International Journal of Obesity,29, 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802915.CrossRefPubMed

Van Vlierberghe, L., & Braet, C. (2007). Dysfunctional schemas and psychopathology in referred obese adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,14, 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.546.CrossRef

Van Vlierberghe, L., Braet, C., Bosmans, G., Rosseel, Y., & Bogels, S. (2010). Maladaptive schemas and psychopathology in adolescence: On the utility of Young's schema theory in youth. Cognitive Therapy Research,34, 316–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9283-5.CrossRef

Van Vlierberghe, L., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2009). Dysfunctional schemas and eating pathology in overweight youth: A case-control study. International Journal of Eating Disorders,42, 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20638.CrossRefPubMed

van Wijk-Herbrink, M. F., Bernstein, D. P., Broers, N. J., Roelofs, J., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Arntz, A. (2018). Internalizing and externalizing behaviors share a common predictor: The effects of early maladaptive schemas are mediated by coping responses and schema modes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,46, 907–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0386-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yan, Y. L., Wang, J. P., Yu, W., He, L., & Oei, T. P. S. (2018). Young Schema Questionnaire: Factor structure and specificity in relation to anxiety in Chinese adolescents. Psychiatry Investigation,15, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2018.15.1.41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yiğit, İ., Kılıç, H., Guzey Yiğit, M., & Çelik, C. (2018). Emotional and physical maltreatment, early maladaptive schemas, and internalizing disorders in adolescents: A multi-group path model of clinical and non-clinical samples. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0068-4.CrossRef

Young, J. E. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.

Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (rev. ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resources Press.

Young, J. E. (2006). Young Schema Questionnaire-S3. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. K. (1990). Young Schema Questionnaire-LF. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. K. (1994). Young Schema Questionnaire-SF. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. K. (2003). Young Schema Questionnaire-L3. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. K. (2005). Young Schema Questionnaire: Short Form, Version 3. New York: Schema Therapy Institute.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Yu, M., Xu, W., Xie, Q., Zhu, Y., Chasson, G. S., & Wang, J. (2017). Automatic thoughts as a predictor of internalizing and externalizing problems in Chinese adolescents: A test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis with age effects. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,58, 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12373.CrossRefPubMed

Zeigler-Hill, V., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., Sisemore, T. B., & Myers, E. M. (2011). Trouble ahead, trouble behind: Narcissism and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,42, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.004.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Youth Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Auteurs: Annemarie Nicol
Anita S. Mak
Kristen Murray
Iain Walker
Dean Buckmaster
Publicatiedatum: 28-03-2020
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10092-6

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2020

Cognitive Vulnerability in the Context of Panic: Assessment of Panic-Related Associations and Interpretations in Individuals with Varying Levels of Anxiety Sensitivity

The Fear of Losing Control in Social Anxiety: An Experimental Approach

Interpretation Bias in Online and Offline Social Environments and Associations with Social Anxiety, Peer Victimization, and Avoidance Behavior

Enhancing Social Connectedness in Anxiety and Depression Through Amplification of Positivity: Preliminary Treatment Outcomes and Process of Change

Dampening of Positive Affect Predicts Substance Use During Partial Hospitalization

Interpersonal Coordination Dynamics in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review