Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

21-10-2021

The Relationship of Metacognition with Worry: The Mediating Role of Emotional Flexibility and Affective Style

Auteurs: Shahram Mohammadkhani, Mehdi Akbari, Aprilia West, Maryam Mazloom, Fatemeh Gezloo

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Uitgave 3/2022

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the structural relationships between metacognition, emotional flexibility, affective styles, and worry in a nonclinical Persian sample. Two hundred seventy-seven undergraduate students were selected by convenience sampling and then completed the Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Metacognitive Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), Affective Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), and Emotional Flexibility Questionnaire (EFQ). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on Linear Structural relationships (LISREL). The model examination indicated that the proposed theoretical model had the goodness of fit with the measurement model (SMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.04; NFI = 0.97; GFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.99; IFI = 0.99). Also, the results of SEM presented the significant direct impact of metacognition on worry (β = 0.40; P < 0.05). The relationships between metacognition and worry are mediated by emotional flexibility (β = 0.120; P < 0.05) and affective styles (β = 0.121; P < 0.05). According to the finding, the maladaptive affective styles and emotional inflexibility are good predictors of worry and should be considered in treating pathological worry.
Literatuur
go back to reference Abdolpour, G., Hashemi, T., Shairi, M. R., & Alizadeh, F. (2018). The relationship of the Intolerance of uncertainty and worry and metacognitive beliefs in people with depressive symptoms. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 5(2), 15–26.CrossRef Abdolpour, G., Hashemi, T., Shairi, M. R., & Alizadeh, F. (2018). The relationship of the Intolerance of uncertainty and worry and metacognitive beliefs in people with depressive symptoms. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 5(2), 15–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Akbari, M., & Khanipour, H. (2018). The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 166–172.CrossRef Akbari, M., & Khanipour, H. (2018). The transdiagnostic model of worry: The mediating role of experiential avoidance. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 166–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Aldao, A. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Cognitive Therapy Research, 40, 257–261.CrossRef Aldao, A. (2016). Introduction to the special issue: Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Cognitive Therapy Research, 40, 257–261.CrossRef
go back to reference Aldao, A., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43, 22–33.PubMedCrossRef Aldao, A., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2014). Broadening the scope of research on emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 43, 22–33.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). The specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A Tran’s diagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 974–983.PubMedCrossRef Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). The specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A Tran’s diagnostic examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 974–983.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 493–501.PubMedCrossRef Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). The influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 493–501.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 263–278.CrossRef Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation flexibility. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 263–278.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.CrossRef
go back to reference Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.CrossRef Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.CrossRef
go back to reference Artino, A. R. (2008). Learning online: Understanding academic success from a self-Regulated learning perspective. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Connecticut University Artino, A. R. (2008). Learning online: Understanding academic success from a self-Regulated learning perspective. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Connecticut University
go back to reference Asadi, S., Abedini, M., Poursharifi, H., & Nikokar, M. (2013). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and rumination with worry on the student population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(16), 83–91. Asadi, S., Abedini, M., Poursharifi, H., & Nikokar, M. (2013). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and rumination with worry on the student population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(16), 83–91.
go back to reference Asghari Sharabian, A., & Atadokht, A. (2019). The role of the theory of mind and metacognition in predicting emotion dysregulation in male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychological Science, 18(74), 181–191. Asghari Sharabian, A., & Atadokht, A. (2019). The role of the theory of mind and metacognition in predicting emotion dysregulation in male students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychological Science, 18(74), 181–191.
go back to reference Barahmand, U. (2009). Metacognitive profiles in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 169(3), 240–243.PubMedCrossRef Barahmand, U. (2009). Metacognitive profiles in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Research, 169(3), 240–243.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Behar, E., & Borkovec, T. D. (2020). The effects of verbal and imaginal worry on panic symptoms during an interoceptive exposure task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 135, 103748.PubMedCrossRef Behar, E., & Borkovec, T. D. (2020). The effects of verbal and imaginal worry on panic symptoms during an interoceptive exposure task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 135, 103748.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1011–1023.PubMedCrossRef Behar, E., DiMarco, I. D., Hekler, E. B., Mohlman, J., & Staples, A. M. (2009). Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(8), 1011–1023.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software. Bentler, P. M. (1995). EQS structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software.
go back to reference Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612.PubMedCrossRef Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bonanno, G. A., Goorin, L., & Coifman, K. G. (2008). Sadness and grief. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland- Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. The Guillford Press. Bonanno, G. A., Goorin, L., & Coifman, K. G. (2008). Sadness and grief. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland- Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. The Guillford Press.
go back to reference Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487.PubMedCrossRef Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment. Wiley, (p. 5–33). Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment. Wiley, (p. 5–33).
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). The Guillford Press. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). The Guillford Press.
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561–576.CrossRef Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561–576.CrossRef
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16.PubMedCrossRef Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Shadick, R. N., & Hopkins, M. (1991). The nature of normal and pathological worry. In R. M. Rapee & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Chronic anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression (pp. 29–51). Guilford Press. Borkovec, T. D., Shadick, R. N., & Hopkins, M. (1991). The nature of normal and pathological worry. In R. M. Rapee & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Chronic anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety-depression (pp. 29–51). Guilford Press.
go back to reference Brackett, M. A., & Katulak, N. A. (2007). Emotional intelligence in the classroom: Skill-based training for teachers and students. In J. Ciarrochi & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 1–27). Psychology Press. Brackett, M. A., & Katulak, N. A. (2007). Emotional intelligence in the classroom: Skill-based training for teachers and students. In J. Ciarrochi & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 1–27). Psychology Press.
go back to reference Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296.PubMedCrossRef Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cheng, C. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 814–833.PubMedCrossRef Cheng, C. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 814–833.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cheng, C., Lau, H. P., & Chan, M. P. (2014). Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1582–1607.PubMedCrossRef Cheng, C., Lau, H. P., & Chan, M. P. (2014). Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1582–1607.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Sage Publications Inc. Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37–55). Sage Publications Inc.
go back to reference Coifman, K. G., & Summers, C. B. (2019). Understanding emotion inflexibility in risk for affective disease: Integrating current research and finding a path forward. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 392.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Coifman, K. G., & Summers, C. B. (2019). Understanding emotion inflexibility in risk for affective disease: Integrating current research and finding a path forward. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 392.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Pathological worrying as exacerbated problem-solving. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment Wiley, (p. 35–59). Davey, G. C. L. (1994). Pathological worrying as exacerbated problem-solving. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment Wiley, (p. 35–59).
go back to reference Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12(3), 307–330.CrossRef Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12(3), 307–330.CrossRef
go back to reference Davis, R. N., & Valentiner, D. P. (2000). Does meta-cognitive theory enhance our understanding of pathological worry and anxiety? Personality and Individual Differences, 29(3), 513–526.CrossRef Davis, R. N., & Valentiner, D. P. (2000). Does meta-cognitive theory enhance our understanding of pathological worry and anxiety? Personality and Individual Differences, 29(3), 513–526.CrossRef
go back to reference Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Etiology and Maintenance. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 143–163). The Guilford Press. Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Etiology and Maintenance. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 143–163). The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205.CrossRef Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. (2008). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic process. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1(3), 192–205.CrossRef
go back to reference Ellis, D. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2010). The metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(2), 151–163.PubMedCrossRef Ellis, D. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2010). The metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(2), 151–163.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802.CrossRef Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802.CrossRef
go back to reference Fu, F., Chow, A., Li, J., & Cong, Z. (2017). Emotional flexibility: Development and application of a scale in adolescent earthquake survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 246–252.CrossRef Fu, F., Chow, A., Li, J., & Cong, Z. (2017). Emotional flexibility: Development and application of a scale in adolescent earthquake survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 246–252.CrossRef
go back to reference Fujimura, T., & Okanoya, K. (2012). Heart rate variability predicts emotional flexibility in response to positive stimuli. Psychology, 3(8), 578–582.CrossRef Fujimura, T., & Okanoya, K. (2012). Heart rate variability predicts emotional flexibility in response to positive stimuli. Psychology, 3(8), 578–582.CrossRef
go back to reference Ghaderi, B., Mohammadkhani, S. H., & Hasanabadi, H. R. (2016). Cognitive and metacognitive predictor of anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(28), 13–26. Ghaderi, B., Mohammadkhani, S. H., & Hasanabadi, H. R. (2016). Cognitive and metacognitive predictor of anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4(28), 13–26.
go back to reference Gliebe, S. K. (2013). A study of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, Optimism, and perceived stress among selected teachers in Lutheran schools. Lutheran Education Journal, 143(2), 1–10. Gliebe, S. K. (2013). A study of the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, Optimism, and perceived stress among selected teachers in Lutheran schools. Lutheran Education Journal, 143(2), 1–10.
go back to reference Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2017). Generalized Anxiety Disorder worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122.PubMedCrossRef Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2017). Generalized Anxiety Disorder worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gould, C. E., & Edelstein, B. A. (2010). Worry, emotion control, and anxiety control in older and young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 759–766.PubMedCrossRef Gould, C. E., & Edelstein, B. A. (2010). Worry, emotion control, and anxiety control in older and young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 759–766.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.CrossRef Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Harangza, M., Goodarzi, M. A., Taghavi, S. M. R., Khormayi, F., & Aflakseir, A. (2014). The predictive role of meta-cognitive beliefs mediated by thought control strategies in obsessive- compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical population. Advances in Cognitive Science, 16(4), 1–11. Harangza, M., Goodarzi, M. A., Taghavi, S. M. R., Khormayi, F., & Aflakseir, A. (2014). The predictive role of meta-cognitive beliefs mediated by thought control strategies in obsessive- compulsive symptoms in a non-clinical population. Advances in Cognitive Science, 16(4), 1–11.
go back to reference Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Emotion in therapy: From science to practice. Guilford Publications. Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Emotion in therapy: From science to practice. Guilford Publications.
go back to reference Hofmann, S. G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2010). The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(2), 255–263.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hofmann, S. G., & Kashdan, T. B. (2010). The affective style questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(2), 255–263.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Hong, R. Y. (2007). Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behaviors. Behaviour Research Therapy, 45(2), 277–290.PubMedCrossRef Hong, R. Y. (2007). Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behaviors. Behaviour Research Therapy, 45(2), 277–290.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Culture and affect: The factor structure of the affective style questionnaire and its relation with depression and anxiety among Japanese. BMC Research Notes, 7(1), 590.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ito, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014). Culture and affect: The factor structure of the affective style questionnaire and its relation with depression and anxiety among Japanese. BMC Research Notes, 7(1), 590.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 880 for Windows [Computer software]. Scientific Software International Inc. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 880 for Windows [Computer software]. Scientific Software International Inc.
go back to reference Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415.CrossRef Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401–415.CrossRef
go back to reference Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.CrossRef Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.CrossRef
go back to reference Kamali, S., Gharraee, B., & Birashk, B. (2013). The role of emotional schema in the prediction of pathological worry in Iranian students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 994–998.CrossRef Kamali, S., Gharraee, B., & Birashk, B. (2013). The role of emotional schema in the prediction of pathological worry in Iranian students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 994–998.CrossRef
go back to reference Kareshki, H. (2013). Evaluating the factorial structure of emotional styles in students. Journal of Research in Behavioral Science, 11(3), 185–195. Kareshki, H. (2013). Evaluating the factorial structure of emotional styles in students. Journal of Research in Behavioral Science, 11(3), 185–195.
go back to reference Kelly, W. E. (2002). Worry and sleep length revisited: Worry, sleep length, and sleep disturbance ascribed to worry. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163(3), 296–304.PubMedCrossRef Kelly, W. E. (2002). Worry and sleep length revisited: Worry, sleep length, and sleep disturbance ascribed to worry. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163(3), 296–304.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kelly, W. E. (2008). Anxiety and stress as contributory factors in pathological and nonpathological worry. Psychology Journal, 5(3), 147–157. Kelly, W. E. (2008). Anxiety and stress as contributory factors in pathological and nonpathological worry. Psychology Journal, 5(3), 147–157.
go back to reference Kelly, W. E. (2018). Pathological and nonpathological worry: Their relationships with nightmare frequency. Journal of Mood Disorder, 8(1), 1–6. Kelly, W. E. (2018). Pathological and nonpathological worry: Their relationships with nightmare frequency. Journal of Mood Disorder, 8(1), 1–6.
go back to reference Kelly, W. E., & Miller, M. J. (1999). A discussion of worry with suggestions for counselors. Counseling and Values, 44(1), 55–66.CrossRef Kelly, W. E., & Miller, M. J. (1999). A discussion of worry with suggestions for counselors. Counseling and Values, 44(1), 55–66.CrossRef
go back to reference Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1424–1436.PubMedCrossRef Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Sorenson, J., Sherdell, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). The everyday dynamics of rumination and worry: Precipitant events and affective consequences. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1424–1436.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford.
go back to reference Kobylińska, D., & Kusev, P. (2019). Flexible emotion regulation: How situational demands and individual differences influence the effectiveness of regulatory strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kobylińska, D., & Kusev, P. (2019). Flexible emotion regulation: How situational demands and individual differences influence the effectiveness of regulatory strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (Eds.). (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Guilford Press. Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (Eds.). (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. Guilford Press.
go back to reference Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(9), 933–941.CrossRef Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: A study of a theoretical model of worry. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(9), 933–941.CrossRef
go back to reference Leahy, R. L., Wupperman, P., Edwards, E., Shivaji, S., & Molina, N. (2019). Metacognition and emotional schemas: Effects on depression and anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 25–37.CrossRef Leahy, R. L., Wupperman, P., Edwards, E., Shivaji, S., & Molina, N. (2019). Metacognition and emotional schemas: Effects on depression and anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 25–37.CrossRef
go back to reference Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014). Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 45(3), 283–299.PubMedCrossRef Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014). Rethinking the role of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence supporting a model of emotional contrast avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 45(3), 283–299.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2020). Worry impairs the problem-solving process: results from an experimental study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 135, 103759.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2020). Worry impairs the problem-solving process: results from an experimental study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 135, 103759.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2017). Attention bias towards negative emotional information and its relationship with daily worry in the context of acute stress: An eye-tracking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 90, 96–110.PubMedCrossRef Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2017). Attention bias towards negative emotional information and its relationship with daily worry in the context of acute stress: An eye-tracking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 90, 96–110.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Manser, R., Cooper, M., & Trefusis, J. (2012). Beliefs about emotions as a metacognitive construct: Initial development of a Self-report questionnaire measure and preliminary investigation in relation to emotion regulation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19(3), 235–246.PubMedCrossRef Manser, R., Cooper, M., & Trefusis, J. (2012). Beliefs about emotions as a metacognitive construct: Initial development of a Self-report questionnaire measure and preliminary investigation in relation to emotion regulation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 19(3), 235–246.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 216–224.PubMedCrossRef McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(2), 216–224.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McKay, M., & West, A. (2016). Emotion efficacy therapy: A brief, exposure-based treatment for emotion regulation integrating ACT and DBT. Context Press/New Harbinger Publications. McKay, M., & West, A. (2016). Emotion efficacy therapy: A brief, exposure-based treatment for emotion regulation integrating ACT and DBT. Context Press/New Harbinger Publications.
go back to reference Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 9(1), 85–90.CrossRef Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2002). Applying an emotion regulation framework to integrative approaches to generalized anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology, Science and Practice, 9(1), 85–90.CrossRef
go back to reference Mennin, D. S., Holoway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284–302.PubMedCrossRef Mennin, D. S., Holoway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 284–302.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 866–871.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 866–871.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Metcalfe, J., & Shimamura, A. P. (Eds.). (1994). Metacognition: Knowing about knowing. MIT press. Metcalfe, J., & Shimamura, A. P. (Eds.). (1994). Metacognition: Knowing about knowing. MIT press.
go back to reference Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495.PubMedCrossRef Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mohammadkhani, Sh., & Farjad, M. (2009). The relationship of the metacognitive beliefs and thought control strategies with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in nonclinical population. Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 35–51. Mohammadkhani, Sh., & Farjad, M. (2009). The relationship of the metacognitive beliefs and thought control strategies with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in nonclinical population. Clinical Psychology, 1(3), 35–51.
go back to reference Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 265–283). Wiley. Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 265–283). Wiley.
go back to reference Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L. G., Borkovec, T. D., & Molnar, C. (2004). Integrative psychotherapy. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 320–350). Guilford Press. Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L. G., Borkovec, T. D., & Molnar, C. (2004). Integrative psychotherapy. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 320–350). Guilford Press.
go back to reference Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011). A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 371–382.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Nikbakht, N. A., Mazlom, R., Nesari, M., & Godarzi, F. (2008). The relationship between worry fields with quality of life in students. Payesh Journal, 1(85), 92. Nikbakht, N. A., Mazlom, R., Nesari, M., & Godarzi, F. (2008). The relationship between worry fields with quality of life in students. Payesh Journal, 1(85), 92.
go back to reference Novick-Kline, P., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Hoyt, E. A., & Gallagher, C. L. (2005). Level of emotional awareness as a differentiating variable between individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(5), 557–572.PubMedCrossRef Novick-Kline, P., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Hoyt, E. A., & Gallagher, C. L. (2005). Level of emotional awareness as a differentiating variable between individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(5), 557–572.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.PubMedCrossRef Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ren, L., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, L. B., Jin, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, Q., Wu, Z., Wang, H. N., & Yang, Q. (2020). The relations among worry, meta-worry, intolerance of uncertainly and attentional bias for threat in men at high risk for generalized anxiety disorder: A network analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 452.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ren, L., Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, L. B., Jin, Y., Ma, Z., Zhang, Q., Wu, Z., Wang, H. N., & Yang, Q. (2020). The relations among worry, meta-worry, intolerance of uncertainly and attentional bias for threat in men at high risk for generalized anxiety disorder: A network analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 452.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., & Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 71–88.CrossRef Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., & Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 71–88.CrossRef
go back to reference Ryum, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Halvorsen, J. Ø., & Solem, S. (2017). Worry and metacognition as predictors of anxiety symptoms: A prospective study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 924.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ryum, T., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Halvorsen, J. Ø., & Solem, S. (2017). Worry and metacognition as predictors of anxiety symptoms: A prospective study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 924.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Sakiris, N., & Berle, D. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Unified Protocol as a transdiagnostic emotion regulation-based intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101751.PubMedCrossRef Sakiris, N., & Berle, D. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Unified Protocol as a transdiagnostic emotion regulation-based intervention. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101751.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Salguero, J. M., Ramos-Cejudo, J., & García-Sancho, E. (2019). Metacognitive beliefs and emotional dysregulation have a specific contribution to worry and the emotional symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(3), 179–190.CrossRef Salguero, J. M., Ramos-Cejudo, J., & García-Sancho, E. (2019). Metacognitive beliefs and emotional dysregulation have a specific contribution to worry and the emotional symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(3), 179–190.CrossRef
go back to reference Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(4), 469–480.CrossRef Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006). Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(4), 469–480.CrossRef
go back to reference Scheffler, S. (2018). Why worry about future generations? Oxford University Press.CrossRef Scheffler, S. (2018). Why worry about future generations? Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Seiter, C. R., & Brophy, N. S. (2020). Worry as a mechanism to motivate information seeking about protective end-of-life communication behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 25(5), 353–360.PubMedCrossRef Seiter, C. R., & Brophy, N. S. (2020). Worry as a mechanism to motivate information seeking about protective end-of-life communication behaviors. Journal of Health Communication, 25(5), 353–360.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Seivert, N. H. (2009). The ability to flexibly regulate emotional expression: Stability, predictive validity, and the accuracy of self-report (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University. Seivert, N. H. (2009). The ability to flexibly regulate emotional expression: Stability, predictive validity, and the accuracy of self-report (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbia University.
go back to reference Shirinzadeh Dastgiri, S., Gudarzi, M. A., Ghanizadeh, A., & Taghavi, S. M. R. (2008). Comparison of metacognitive and responsibility beliefs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and normal individuals. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 46–55. Shirinzadeh Dastgiri, S., Gudarzi, M. A., Ghanizadeh, A., & Taghavi, S. M. R. (2008). Comparison of metacognitive and responsibility beliefs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and normal individuals. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 46–55.
go back to reference Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 239–256). Wiley Publishing.CrossRef Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 239–256). Wiley Publishing.CrossRef
go back to reference Sica, C., Steketee, G., Ghisi, M., Chiri, L. R., & Franceschini, S. (2007). Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and coping styles: A preliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14(4), 258–268.CrossRef Sica, C., Steketee, G., Ghisi, M., Chiri, L. R., & Franceschini, S. (2007). Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and coping styles: A preliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14(4), 258–268.CrossRef
go back to reference Songco, A., Hudson, J. L., & Fox, E. (2020). A cognitive model of pathological worry in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical, Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(2), 229–249.CrossRef Songco, A., Hudson, J. L., & Fox, E. (2020). A cognitive model of pathological worry in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical, Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(2), 229–249.CrossRef
go back to reference Spada, M. M., Nikeevic, A. V., Moneta, G. B., & Wells, A. (2008). Metacognition perceived stress and negative emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1172–1181.CrossRef Spada, M. M., Nikeevic, A. V., Moneta, G. B., & Wells, A. (2008). Metacognition perceived stress and negative emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1172–1181.CrossRef
go back to reference Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., Lamplugh, C., & Eslick, G. D. (2007). Pathological worry, anxiety disorders, and the impact of co-occurrence with depressive and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(8), 1016–1027.PubMedCrossRef Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., Lamplugh, C., & Eslick, G. D. (2007). Pathological worry, anxiety disorders, and the impact of co-occurrence with depressive and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(8), 1016–1027.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Swee, M. B., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Worry and anxiety account for unique variance in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 48(3), 253–264.PubMedCrossRef Swee, M. B., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). Worry and anxiety account for unique variance in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 48(3), 253–264.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tahmassian, K., & Moghadam, N. J. (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry, and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91–98.PubMedPubMedCentral Tahmassian, K., & Moghadam, N. J. (2011). Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry, and social avoidance in a normal sample of students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 91–98.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Tallis, F., Davey, G. C. L., & Capuzzo, N. (1994). The phenomenology of non-pathological worry: A preliminary investigation. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment, Wiley, (p. 61–89). Tallis, F., Davey, G. C. L., & Capuzzo, N. (1994). The phenomenology of non-pathological worry: A preliminary investigation. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment, Wiley, (p. 61–89).
go back to reference Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, T. (2018). Assessing metacognitive beliefs about worry: validation of German versions of the Why Worry Scale II and the consequences of worry scale. PeerJ, 6, e5177.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Thielsch, C., Andor, T., & Ehring, T. (2018). Assessing metacognitive beliefs about worry: validation of German versions of the Why Worry Scale II and the consequences of worry scale. PeerJ, 6, e5177.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
go back to reference Vasey, M. W., & Daleiden, E. L. (1994). Worry in children. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 185–207). Wiley. Vasey, M. W., & Daleiden, E. L. (1994). Worry in children. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 185–207). Wiley.
go back to reference Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 301–320.CrossRef Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 301–320.CrossRef
go back to reference Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. Wiley. Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. Wiley.
go back to reference Wells, A. (2006). The Metacognitive model of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Psychological Disorders: Assessment and Treatment (pp. 179–199). Wiley Publishing. Wells, A. (2006). The Metacognitive model of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Psychological Disorders: Assessment and Treatment (pp. 179–199). Wiley Publishing.
go back to reference Wells, A. (2008). Metacognitive therapy: Cognition applied to regulating cognition. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 651–658.CrossRef Wells, A. (2008). Metacognitive therapy: Cognition applied to regulating cognition. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(6), 651–658.CrossRef
go back to reference Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press. Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press.
go back to reference Wells, A. (2010). Metacognitive theory and therapy for worry and generalized anxiety disorder: Review and status. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 1(1), 133–145.CrossRef Wells, A. (2010). Metacognitive theory and therapy for worry and generalized anxiety disorder: Review and status. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 1(1), 133–145.CrossRef
go back to reference Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognition’s questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385–396.PubMedCrossRef Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognition’s questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385–396.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wells, A., & King, P. (2006). Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An open trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 206–212.PubMedCrossRef Wells, A., & King, P. (2006). Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An open trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 206–212.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
go back to reference Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996). Modeling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 881–888.PubMedCrossRef Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996). Modeling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 881–888.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Expressive flexibility. Emotion, 10(1), 92–100.PubMedCrossRef Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Expressive flexibility. Emotion, 10(1), 92–100.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Yilmaz, A. E., Gençöz, T., & Wells, A. (2011). The temporal precedence of metacognition in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in the context of life-stress: A prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 389–396.PubMedCrossRef Yilmaz, A. E., Gençöz, T., & Wells, A. (2011). The temporal precedence of metacognition in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in the context of life-stress: A prospective study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 389–396.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zambrano-Vazquez, L., & Allen, J. J. B. (2014). Differential contributions of worry, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms to ERN amplitudes in response monitoring and reinforcement learning tasks. Neuropsychologia, 61, 197–209.PubMedCrossRef Zambrano-Vazquez, L., & Allen, J. J. B. (2014). Differential contributions of worry, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms to ERN amplitudes in response monitoring and reinforcement learning tasks. Neuropsychologia, 61, 197–209.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zlomke, K., & Hahn, K. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 408–413.CrossRef Zlomke, K., & Hahn, K. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 408–413.CrossRef
Metagegevens
Titel
The Relationship of Metacognition with Worry: The Mediating Role of Emotional Flexibility and Affective Style
Auteurs
Shahram Mohammadkhani
Mehdi Akbari
Aprilia West
Maryam Mazloom
Fatemeh Gezloo
Publicatiedatum
21-10-2021
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy / Uitgave 3/2022
Print ISSN: 0894-9085
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6563
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-021-00422-2