Top

Gepubliceerd in:

06-09-2019 | Original Article

The Relationship Between Parenting and Anxiety in Emerging Adulthood

Auteurs: Anna Smout, Rebecca S. Lazarus, Jennifer L. Hudson

Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Uitgave 1/2020

Abstract

Challenging parenting behavior (CPB) encompasses parental encouragement of children to push their own limits and take safe risks. Increased CPB has been associated with reduced anxiety scores in young children. This study sought to develop and evaluate a measure of CPB relevant to emerging adults (CPBQ-EA), and examine the relationship between anxiety and parenting behaviors, including; CPB, overprotection, rejection, and warmth. A sample of 442 18–25 year-olds completed self-report measures of anxiety and parenting. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three CPB domains; social, novelty, and competition. Greater social CPB was associated with lower social anxiety scores in emerging adults, but only when exhibited by fathers. Greater rejection exhibited by both parents was associated with higher emerging adult general anxiety and stress scores. These findings highlight the connection between paternal CPB and offspring social anxiety symptoms, the salience of parental rejection in emerging adult anxiety, and the importance of including fathers in parenting studies.

vorige artikel Familial Aggregation of Cognitive Biases for Children with Anxiety Disorders

volgende artikel The Role of Fear of Fatness and Avoidance of Fatness in Predicting Eating Restraint

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist,55, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469.CrossRefPubMed

Arrindell, W. A., Akkerman, A., Bagés, N., Feldman, L., Caballo, V. E., Oei, T. P. S., et al. (2005). The short-EMBU in Australia, Spain, and Venezuela. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,21, 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.1.56.CrossRef

Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Monsma, A., & Brilman, E. (1983). The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the aetiology of phobic disorders: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry,143, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.143.2.183.CrossRef

Arrindell, W. A., Sanavio, E., Aguilar, G., Sica, C., Hatzichristou, C., Eisemann, M., et al. (1999). The development of a short form of the EMBU: Its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary and Italy. Personality and Individual Differences,27, 613–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00192-5.CrossRef

Bögels, S. M., & Brechman-Toussaint, M. L. (2006). Family issues in child anxiety: Attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clinical Psychology Review,26, 834–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.08.001.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., & Perotti, E. C. (2011). Does father know best? A formal model of the paternal influence on childhood social anxiety. Journal of Child and Family Studies,20, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9441-0.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., & Phares, V. (2008). Fathers’ role in the etiology, prevention and treatment of child anxiety: A review and new model. Clinical Psychology Review,28, 539–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.011.CrossRefPubMed

Bögels, S. M., Stevens, J., & Majdandžić, M. (2011). Parenting and social anxiety: Fathers’ versus mothers’ influence on their children’s anxiety in ambiguous social situations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,52, 599–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02345.x.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy,35, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X.CrossRefPubMed

Brown, A. M., & Whiteside, S. P. (2008). Relations among perceived parental rearing behaviors, attachment style, and worry in anxious children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22, 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.002.CrossRefPubMed

Cartwright-Hatton, S., McNicol, K., & Doubleday, E. (2006). Anxiety in a neglected population: Prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review,26, 817–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.002.CrossRefPubMed

Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology,36, 485–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.4.485.CrossRefPubMed

Costello, E. J., Egger, H. L., Copeland, W., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2011). The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: Phenomenology, prevalence and comorbidity. In W. K. Silverman & A. P. Field (Eds.), Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 56–75). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation,10, 1–9.

de Wilde, A., & Rapee, R. M. (2008). Do controlling maternal behaviours increase state anxiety in children’s responses to a social threat? A pilot study. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,39, 526–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.011.CrossRef

Field, A. (2013a). The beast of bias discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed., pp. 163–212). London, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Field, A. (2013b). Regression discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed., pp. 293–356). London, UK: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Fulton, E., & Turner, L. A. (2008). Students’ academic motivation: Relations with parental warmth, autonomy granting, and supervision. Educational Psychology,28, 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410701846119.CrossRef

Gruner, K., Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1999). The relationship between anxious rearing behaviours and anxiety disorders symptomatology in normal children. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,30, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7916(99)00004-X.CrossRef

Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika,30, 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447.CrossRefPubMed

Hudson, J. L., Dodd, H. F., & Bovopoulos, N. (2011). Temperament, family environment and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,39, 939–951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9502-x.CrossRefPubMed

Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy,39, 1411–1427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00107-8.CrossRefPubMed

Kaiser, H. F., & Rice, J. (1974). Little Jiffy, Mark IV. Educational and Psychological Measurement,34, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447403400115.CrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,62, 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.CrossRefPubMed

Lazarus, R. S., Dodd, H. F., Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., Morris, T., Byrow, Y., et al. (2016). The relationship between challenging parenting behaviour and childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders,190, 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.032.CrossRefPubMed

Lazarus, R. S., McLellan, L. F., & Hudson, J. L. (2018). Recalled challenging parenting behaviour and anxiety in emerging adulthood: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0919-x.CrossRef

Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy,33, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.CrossRefPubMed

Majdandžić, M., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2016). Challenging parenting behavior from infancy to toddlerhood: Etiology, measurement, and differences between fathers and mothers. Infancy,21, 423–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12125.CrossRef

Majdandžić, M., Moller, E. L., de Vente, W., Bögels, S., & van den Boom, D. C. (2010). The challenging parenting behaviour questionnaire. Age version: CPBQ12-18. Amsterdam: Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam.

Majdandžić, M., Moller, E. L., de Vente, W., Bögels, S. M., & van den Boom, D. C. (2014). Fathers’ challenging parenting behavior prevents social anxiety development in their 4-year-old children: A longitudinal observational study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,42(2), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9774-4.CrossRefPubMed

Markus, M., Lindhout, I. E., Boer, F., Hoogendijk, T., & Arrindell, W. (2003). Factors of perceived parental rearing styles: The EMBU-C examined in a sample of Dutch primary school children. Personality and Individual Differences,34, 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00090-9.CrossRef

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy,36, 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6.CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007a). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,27(8), 986–1003.CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B. D., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007b). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,27, 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

Möller, E. L., Majdandžić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2014). Parental anxiety, parenting behavior, and infant anxiety: Differential associations for fathers and mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies,24, 2626–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0065-7.CrossRef

Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. (1998). Perceived parental rearing behaviour and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Personality and Individual Differences,25, 1199–1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00153-6.CrossRef

Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012). The depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology,68(12), 1322–1338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21908.CrossRefPubMed

Peters, L. (2000). Discriminant validity of the social phobia and anxiety inventory (SPAI), the social phobia scale (SPS) and the social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS). Behaviour Research and Therapy,38, 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00131-X.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review,17, 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(96)00040-2.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M., Schniering, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,5, 311–341. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628.CrossRefPubMed

Rapee, R. M., & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review,24, 737–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.004.CrossRefPubMed

Raudino, A., Murray, L., Turner, C., Tsampala, E., Lis, A., De Pascalis, L., et al. (2013). Child anxiety and parenting in England and Italy: The moderating role of maternal warmth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,54, 1318–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12105.CrossRefPubMed

Smout, A., Hudson, J. L., & Lazarus, R. S. (2016). The challenging parenting behaviour questionnaire: Emerging adult version. North Ryde: Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.

Spence, S. H., & Rapee, R. M. (2016). The etiology of social anxiety disorder: An evidence-based model. Behaviour Research and Therapy,86, 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.007.CrossRefPubMed

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013a). Multiple regression using multivariate statistics (6th ed., pp. 117–196). New Jersey: Pearson EducationInc.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013b). Principal components and factor analysis using multivariate statistics (6th ed., pp. 612–680). New Jersey: Pearson Educaton Inc.

Verhoeven, M., Bögels, S. M., & van der Bruggen, C. C. (2012). Unique roles of mothering and fathering in child anxiety: Moderation by child’s age and gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies,21, 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9483-y.CrossRefPubMed

Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,44, 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00106.CrossRefPubMed

Yap, M. B., & Jorm, A. F. (2015). Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders,175, 424–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.050.CrossRefPubMed

Yap, M. B., Pilkington, P. D., Ryan, S. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders,156, 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.007.CrossRefPubMed

Zakeri, H., Jowkar, B., & Razmjoee, M. (2010). Parenting styles and resilience. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,5, 1067–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.236.CrossRef

Titel: The Relationship Between Parenting and Anxiety in Emerging Adulthood
Auteurs: Anna Smout
Rebecca S. Lazarus
Jennifer L. Hudson
Publicatiedatum: 06-09-2019
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Uitgave 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10037-8

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2020

The Association of Trait Mindfulness and Self-compassion with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms: Results from a Large Survey with Treatment-Seeking Adults

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Body Image and Self-Care (CBT-BISC) Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV: Skills-Based Treatment Mediators

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Default Mode Network Parietal Nodes Decreases Negative Mind-Wandering About the Past

Autobiographical Memory and Episodic Future Thinking in Severe Health Anxiety: A Comparison with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Familial Aggregation of Cognitive Biases for Children with Anxiety Disorders

The Relationship Between Negative Self-imagery and Social Anxiety in a Clinically Diagnosed Sample