Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research 4/2010

01-07-2010 | Original Article

The reaction-time task-rule congruency effect is not affected by working memory load: further support for the activated long-term memory hypothesis

Auteurs: Yoav Kessler, Nachshon Meiran

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 4/2010

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Previous studies claimed that task representation is carried out by the activated long-term memory portion of working memory (WM; Meiran and Kessler in J Exp Psychol Human Percept Perform 34:137–157, 2008). The present study provides a more direct support for this hypothesis. We used the reaction-time task-rule congruency effect (RT-TRCE) in a task-switching setup, and tested the effects of loading WM with irrelevant task rules on RT-TRCE. Experiment 1 manipulated WM load in a between-subject design. WM participants performed a color/shape task switching, while having 0, 1 or 3 numerical task rules as WM load. Experiment 2 used a similar load manipulation (1 or 3 rules to load WM) in a within-subject design. Experiment 3 extended these results by loading WM with perceptual tasks that were more similar to the shape/color tasks. The results show that RT-TRCE was not affected by WM load supporting the activated long-term memory hypothesis.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
go back to reference Allport, A., Styles, E. A., & Hsieh, S. (1994). Shifting intentional set: Exploring the dynamic control of tasks. In C. Umilta, & M. Moscovitch (Eds.) Attention and performance XV (pp. 421–452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Allport, A., Styles, E. A., & Hsieh, S. (1994). Shifting intentional set: Exploring the dynamic control of tasks. In C. Umilta, & M. Moscovitch (Eds.) Attention and performance XV (pp. 421–452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching. Psychological Review, 115, 602–639.CrossRefPubMed Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching. Psychological Review, 115, 602–639.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D., & Adlam, A. (2001). Working memory and the control of action: evidence from task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 641–657.CrossRef Baddeley, A., Chincotta, D., & Adlam, A. (2001). Working memory and the control of action: evidence from task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 641–657.CrossRef
go back to reference Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation, Vol. 8 (pp. 47–90). New York: Academic Press.CrossRef Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances in learning and motivation, Vol. 8 (pp. 47–90). New York: Academic Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Bryck, R. L., & Mayr, U. (2005). On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control? Memory & Cognition, 33, 611–623. Bryck, R. L., & Mayr, U. (2005). On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control? Memory & Cognition, 33, 611–623.
go back to reference Cohen-Kdoshay, O., & Meiran, N. (2007). The representation of instructions in working memory leads to autonomous response activation: Evidence from the first trials in the flanker paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60:1140–1154 Cohen-Kdoshay, O., & Meiran, N. (2007). The representation of instructions in working memory leads to autonomous response activation: Evidence from the first trials in the flanker paradigm. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60:1140–1154
go back to reference Cohen-Kdoshay, O., & Meiran, N. (2009). The representation of instructions operates like a prepared reflex: Flanker compatibility effects that are found in the first trial following S–R instructions. Experimental Psychology, 56, 128–133.PubMed Cohen-Kdoshay, O., & Meiran, N. (2009). The representation of instructions operates like a prepared reflex: Flanker compatibility effects that are found in the first trial following S–R instructions. Experimental Psychology, 56, 128–133.PubMed
go back to reference Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191.CrossRefPubMed Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-processes model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Duncan, J., Parr, A., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bright, P., Cox, S., et al. (2008). Goal neglect and Spearman’s g: Competing parts of a complex task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 131–148.CrossRef Duncan, J., Parr, A., Woolgar, A., Thompson, R., Bright, P., Cox, S., et al. (2008). Goal neglect and Spearman’s g: Competing parts of a complex task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 131–148.CrossRef
go back to reference Ellenbogen, R., & Meiran, N. (2008). Working memory involvement in dual task performance: Evidence from the backward compatibility effect. Memory & Cognition, 36, 968–978.CrossRef Ellenbogen, R., & Meiran, N. (2008). Working memory involvement in dual task performance: Evidence from the backward compatibility effect. Memory & Cognition, 36, 968–978.CrossRef
go back to reference Emerson, M. J., & Miyake, A. (2003). The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 148–168.CrossRef Emerson, M. J., & Miyake, A. (2003). The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 148–168.CrossRef
go back to reference Eriksen, B., & Eriksen, C. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–149. Eriksen, B., & Eriksen, C. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143–149.
go back to reference Goschke, T. (2000). Intentional reconfiguration and involuntary persistence in task-set switching. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 331–355). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goschke, T. (2000). Intentional reconfiguration and involuntary persistence in task-set switching. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 331–355). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
go back to reference Hommel, B. (1998). Automatic stimulus-response translation in dual-task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1368–1384.CrossRefPubMed Hommel, B. (1998). Automatic stimulus-response translation in dual-task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1368–1384.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hommel, B., & Eglau, B. (2002). Control of stimulus–response translation in dual-task performance. Psychological Research, 66, 260–273.CrossRefPubMed Hommel, B., & Eglau, B. (2002). Control of stimulus–response translation in dual-task performance. Psychological Research, 66, 260–273.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kiesel, A., Wendt, M., & Peters, A. (2007). Task switching: On the origins of response congruency effects. Psychological Research, 71, 117–125.CrossRefPubMed Kiesel, A., Wendt, M., & Peters, A. (2007). Task switching: On the origins of response congruency effects. Psychological Research, 71, 117–125.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Liefooghe, B., Barrouillet, P., Vandierendonck, A., & Camos, V. (2008). Working memory costs of task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 478–494.CrossRefPubMed Liefooghe, B., Barrouillet, P., Vandierendonck, A., & Camos, V. (2008). Working memory costs of task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 478–494.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Logan, G. D. (2004). Working memory, task switching, and executive control in the task span procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 218–236.CrossRef Logan, G. D. (2004). Working memory, task switching, and executive control in the task span procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 218–236.CrossRef
go back to reference Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4–26.CrossRef Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (2000). Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1124–1140.CrossRefPubMed Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (2000). Task-set switching and long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1124–1140.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Meiran, N. (1996). Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1423–1442.CrossRef Meiran, N. (1996). Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1423–1442.CrossRef
go back to reference Meiran, N., & Daichman, A. (2005). Advance task preparation reduces task error rate in the cueing task-switching paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 33, 1272–1288. Meiran, N., & Daichman, A. (2005). Advance task preparation reduces task error rate in the cueing task-switching paradigm. Memory and Cognition, 33, 1272–1288.
go back to reference Meiran, N., & Kessler, Y. (2008). The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 137–157.CrossRefPubMed Meiran, N., & Kessler, Y. (2008). The task rule congruency effect in task switching reflects activated long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 137–157.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Meiran, N., Kessler, Y., & Adi-Japha, E. (2008). Control by action representation and input selection (CARIS): A theoretical framework for task switching. Psychological Research, 72, 473–500.CrossRefPubMed Meiran, N., Kessler, Y., & Adi-Japha, E. (2008). Control by action representation and input selection (CARIS): A theoretical framework for task switching. Psychological Research, 72, 473–500.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Miyake, A., Emerson, M. J., Padilla, F., & Ahn, J. (2004). Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 115, 123–142.CrossRefPubMed Miyake, A., Emerson, M. J., Padilla, F., & Ahn, J. (2004). Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 115, 123–142.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press. Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: A cognitive aging study with the modified Sternberg task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 948–957.CrossRefPubMed Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: A cognitive aging study with the modified Sternberg task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 948–957.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 411–421.CrossRefPubMed Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 411–421.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Oberauer, K. (2009). Design for a working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 51:45–100CrossRef Oberauer, K. (2009). Design for a working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 51:45–100CrossRef
go back to reference Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001). Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 763–797.CrossRefPubMed Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001). Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 763–797.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Saeki, E., & Saito, S. (2004). Effect of articulatory suppression on task-switching performance: Implications for models of working memory. Memory, 12, 257–271.CrossRefPubMed Saeki, E., & Saito, S. (2004). Effect of articulatory suppression on task-switching performance: Implications for models of working memory. Memory, 12, 257–271.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime User’s Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime User’s Guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools.
go back to reference Verhaeghen, P., Cerella, J., & Basak, C. (2004). A working memory workout: How to expand the focus of attention from one to four items in 10 hours or less. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1322–1337.CrossRefPubMed Verhaeghen, P., Cerella, J., & Basak, C. (2004). A working memory workout: How to expand the focus of attention from one to four items in 10 hours or less. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1322–1337.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Waszak, F., Wenke, D., & Brass, M. (2008). Crosstalk of instructed and applied arbitrary visuomotor mappings. Acta Psychologica, 127, 30–35.CrossRefPubMed Waszak, F., Wenke, D., & Brass, M. (2008). Crosstalk of instructed and applied arbitrary visuomotor mappings. Acta Psychologica, 127, 30–35.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wendt, M., & Kiesel, A. (2008). The impact of stimulus-specific practice and task instructions on response congruency effects between tasks. Psychological Research, 72, 425–432.CrossRefPubMed Wendt, M., & Kiesel, A. (2008). The impact of stimulus-specific practice and task instructions on response congruency effects between tasks. Psychological Research, 72, 425–432.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Woltz, D. J., & Was, C. A. (2007). Available but unattended conceptual information in working memory: Temporarily active semantic content or persistent memory for prior operations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 155–168.CrossRefPubMed Woltz, D. J., & Was, C. A. (2007). Available but unattended conceptual information in working memory: Temporarily active semantic content or persistent memory for prior operations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 155–168.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Yehene, E., Meiran, N., & Soroker, N. (2005). Task alternation cost without task alternation: Measuring intentionality. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1858–1869.CrossRefPubMed Yehene, E., Meiran, N., & Soroker, N. (2005). Task alternation cost without task alternation: Measuring intentionality. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1858–1869.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
The reaction-time task-rule congruency effect is not affected by working memory load: further support for the activated long-term memory hypothesis
Auteurs
Yoav Kessler
Nachshon Meiran
Publicatiedatum
01-07-2010
Uitgeverij
Springer-Verlag
Gepubliceerd in
Psychological Research / Uitgave 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-009-0261-z

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2010

Psychological Research 4/2010 Naar de uitgave