Top

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

28-09-2015 | Original Paper

The Parenting Behaviors of Shy–Anxious Mothers: The Moderating Role of Vagal Tone

Auteurs: Amy E. Root, Paul D. Hastings, Kenneth H. Rubin

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 4/2016

Abstract

There is a long history examining the antecedents of maladaptive parenting practices. Indeed, in both the developmental and clinical literature, maternal anxiety has been linked to maladaptive parenting behavior, including engaging in high levels of control during mother–child interactions. However, the association between anxiety and controlling parenting is not consistent throughout the literature. Therefore, we sought to examine potential moderators that may impact the relation between anxiety and parenting. Specifically, we investigated maternal physiological regulation as a moderator of the relations between mothers’ characteristics of shyness–anxiety and their engagement in supportive parenting, restrictive parenting, and overprotective parenting. Sixty-six mothers of preschool-aged children participated. Mothers completed a questionnaire about their shyness–anxiety, and their respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was measured at baseline as an index of parasympathetic regulation. In addition, mothers completed the Childrearing Practices Q-Sort as an index of parenting. Analyses revealed that mothers’ shyness–anxiety was positively predictive of overprotective parenting and negatively predictive of supportive parenting. In addition, RSA moderated the relation between mothers’ shyness–anxiety and overprotective parenting, but not supportive or restrictive parenting. Results are discussed with regard to the significant role that maternal emotion regulation plays in parenting practices. Specifically, it appears that shy–anxious mothers’ emotion regulation may be an important area of focus for parent-training programs designed to prevent children’s anxiety.

vorige artikel What Parents Do When Children are Good: Parent Reports of Strategies for Reinforcing Early Childhood Prosocial Behaviors

volgende artikel A Structural Equation Model for Parenting Stress in Mothers of Premature Infants

Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 382–389. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296–3319. CrossRefPubMed

Barrett, J., & Fleming, A. S. (2011). Annual research review: All mothers are not created equal: Neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 368–397. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x. CrossRefPubMed

Bell, R. Q., & Chapman, M. (1986). Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Developmental Psychology, 22, 595–603. CrossRef

Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96. doi: 10.2307/1129836. CrossRefPubMed

Belsky, J., Crnic, K., & Woodworth, S. (1995). Personality and parenting: Exploring the mediational role of transient mood and daily hassles. Journal of Personality, 63, 905–931. CrossRefPubMed

Block, J. (1981). The cognitive style of breadth of categorization: Longitudinal consistency of personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 770–779. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.770. CrossRef

Block, J., Block, J., & Morrison, A. (1981). Parental agreement-disagreement on child-rearing orientation and gender-related personality correlates in children. Child Development, 52, 965–974. doi: 10.2307/1129101. CrossRef

Bogels, S., Bamelis, L., & van der Bruggen, C. (2008). Parental rearing as a function of parent’s own, partner’s, and child’s anxiety status: Fathers make the difference. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 522–538. doi: 10.1080/02699930801886706. CrossRef

Bornstein, M. H., Hahn, C., & Haynes, O. M. (2011). Maternal personality, parenting cognitions and parenting practices. Developmental Psychology, 47, 658–675. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bougher, H., Grady, J., Root, A.E., & Clarke, S. (2015, March). The relation between child temperament and mothers’ response to children’s emotions: The role of child age and child gender. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia, PA.

Budinger, M. C., Drazdowski, T. K., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2013). Anxiety-promoting parenting behaviors: A comparison of anxious parents with and without social anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 44, 412–418. doi: 10.1007/s10578-012-0335-9. CrossRefPubMedCentral

Bugental, D. B., Lewis, J. C., Lin, E., Lyon, J., & Kopeikin, H. (1999). In charge but not in control: The management of teaching relationships by adults with low perceived power. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1367–1378. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1367. CrossRefPubMed

Calkins, S. D. (1997). Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 125–135. CrossRefPubMed

Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (1992). The relations among infant temperament, security of attachment, and behavioral inhibition at twenty-four months. Child Development, 63, 1456–1472. CrossRefPubMed

Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1251–1263. CrossRefPubMed

Cheek, J.M. (1983). The revised cheek and buss shyness scale (RCBS). Unpublished manuscript. Wellesley College, Wellesley MA.

Cheek, J., & Buss, A. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330–339. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.41.2.330. CrossRef

Chen, X., Hastings, P., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677–686. CrossRefPubMed

Clark, L., Kochanska, G., & Ready, R. (2000). Mothers’ personality and its interaction with child temperament as predictors of parenting behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 274–285. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.274. CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Collins, A., & Madsen, S. D. (2003). Developmental change in parenting interactions. In L. Kucynski (Ed.), Handbook of dyanmics in parent-child relations (pp. 49–66). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. CrossRef

Collins, W. A., Madsen, S. D., & Susman-Stillman, A. (2001). Parenting during middle childhood. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 73–101). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Coplan, R., Arbeau, K. A., & Armer, M. (2008). Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness and psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 359–371. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9183-7. CrossRefPubMed

Coplan, R. J., Hastings, P. D., Lagace-Seguin, D., & Moulton, C. E. (2002). Authoritative and authoritarian mothers’ parenting goals, attributions, and emotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting Science and Practice, 2, 1–26. CrossRef

Coplan, R. J., Reichel, M., & Rowan, K. (2009). Exploring the associations between maternal personality, child temperament, and parenting: A focus on emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 241–246. CrossRef

Crockenberg, S. (1987). Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 964–975. CrossRefPubMed

Demaree, H. A., Robinson, J. L., Everhart, D. E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2004). Resting RSA is associated with natural and self-regulated responses to negative emotional stimuli. Brain and Cognition, 56, 14–23. CrossRefPubMed

Drake, K. L., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2011). Parenting practices of anxious and non-anxious mothers: A multimethod multi-informant approach. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 33, 299–321. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fabes, R., Hanish, L., Martin, C., & Eisenberg, N. (2002). Young children’s negative emotionality and social isolation: A latent growth curve analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 284–307. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2002.0012. CrossRef

Friedman, B. H. (2007). An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biological Psychology, 74, 185–199. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009. CrossRefPubMed

Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539. CrossRefPubMed

Ginsburg, G., Grover, R., & Ialongo, N. (2004). Parenting behaviors among anxious and non-anxious mothers: Relation with concurrent and long-term child outcomes. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26, 23–41. CrossRef

Grusec, J., & Davidov, M. (2007). Socialization in the family: The roles of parents. In J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 284–308). New York: Guilford.

Hastings, P. D., & Miller, J. G. (2014). Autonomic regulation, polyvagal theory, and children’s prosocial development. In L. Padilla-Walker & G. Carlo (Eds.), The complexities of raising prosocial children (pp. 112–127). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Rubin, K. H., & Cheah, C. L. (2010). Shyness, parenting, and parent-child relationships. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 107–130). New York: The Guilford Press.

Hastings, P. D., & Rubin, K. H. (1999). Predicting mothers’ beliefs about preschool-aged children’s social behavior: Evidence for maternal attitudes moderating child effects. Child Development, 70, 722–741. CrossRefPubMed

Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social class and mental illness: A community study. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. CrossRef

Hopko, D. R., Stowell, J., Jones, W. H., Armento, M. E., & Cheek, J. M. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Revised Cheek and Buss shyness scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 185–192. CrossRefPubMed

Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366–380. CrossRefPubMed

Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting boys and girls. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Volume 1 children and parenting (pp. 189–225) (pp. 189–225). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.

Leaper, C., & Farkas, T. (2015). The socialization of gender during childhood and adolescence. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and practice (2nd ed., pp. 541–565). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1993). The interaction anxiousness scale: Construct and criterion-related validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 136–146. CrossRefPubMed

Lindhout, I., Markus, M., Hoogendijk, T., Borst, S., Maingay, R., Spinhoven, P., et al. (2006). Childrearing style of anxiety disordered parents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 89–102. doi: 10.1007/s10578-006-0022-9. CrossRefPubMed

McLeod, B., Wood, J. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 155–172. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.002. CrossRefPubMed

Mills, R. S. L., & Rubin, K. H. (1998). Are behavioral control and psychological control both differentially associated with childhood aggression and social withdrawal? Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30, 132–136. CrossRef

Mills-Koonce, W. R., Gariepy, J. L., Propper, C., Sutton, K., Calkins, S., Moore, G., & Cox, M. (2007). Infant and parent factors associated with early maternal sensitivity: A caregiver-attachment systems approach. Infant Behavior & Development, 30, 114–126. CrossRef

Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C., Gariepy, J., Barnett, M., Moore, G. A., Calkins, S., & Cox, M. J. (2009). Psychophysiological correlates of parenting behavior in mothers of young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 650–661. doi: 10.1002/dev.20400. CrossRefPubMed

Moore, G. A., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Propper, C. B., Calkins, S. D., Mills-Koonce, W. R., & Cox, M. J. (2009). Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity. Child Development, 80, 209–223. CrossRefPubMed

Murray, L., Cooper, P. J., Pearson, J., Creswell, C., Schofield, E., & Sack, C. (2007). The effects of maternal social phobia on mother-infant interactions and infant social phobia o mother-infant interactions in infant social responsiveness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 45–52. CrossRefPubMed

Murray, L., Lau, P., Arteche, A., Creswell, C., Russ, S., Zoppa, L., et al. (2012). Parenting by anxious mothers: Effects of disorder subtype, context and child characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 188–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02473.x. CrossRefPubMed

Perlman, S. B., Camras, L. A., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2008). Physiology and functioning: Parents’ vagal tone, emotion socialization, and children’s emotion knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 100, 308–315. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.03.007. CrossRefPubMed

Porges, S. W. (1985). Method and apparatus for evaluating rhythmic oscillations in a periodic physiological response system (Patent No. 4,510,944).

Porges, S. (2007). A phylogenetic journey through the vague and ambiguous Xth cranial nerve: A commentary on contemporary heart rate variability research. Biological Psychology, 74, 301–307. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.007. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Porges, S. (2011). The polyvagal theory. New York, NY: Norton & Co.

Pu, J., Schmeichel, B. J., & Demaree, H. A. (2010). Cardiac vagal control predicts spontaneous regulation of negative emotional expression and subsequent cognitive performance. Biological Psychology, 84, 531–540. CrossRef

Root, A. E., Hastings, P. D., & Maxwell, K. (2012). Environmental contributions to social development: Focus on parents. In M. Beauchamp & V. Anderson (Eds.), Developmental neuroscience and childhood brain insult: Implications for theory and practice (pp. 91–115). New York: Guilford.

Root, A.E., Hastings, P.D., & Rubin, K.H. (2011, March). Examining maternal shyness and physiological regulation as determinants of parenting. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal, Quebec.

Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2002). Stability and social-behavioral consequences of toddlers’ inhibited temperament and parenting behaviors. Child Development, 73, 483–495. CrossRefPubMed

Rubin, K. H., Kennedy Root, A. E., & Bowker, J. C. (2010). Parents, peers and social withdrawal in childhood: A relationship perspective. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 127, 79–94. CrossRef

Schrock, M., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2010). Parent-child interactions in anxious families. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 32, 291–310. doi: 10.1080/07317107.2010.515523. CrossRef

Scott, B. G., & Weems, C. F. (2014). Resting vagal tone and vagal response to stress: Associations with anxiety, aggression, and perceived anxiety control among youths. Psychophysiology, 51, 718–727. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Stein, M. B., & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: Epidemiological findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1606–1613. CrossRefPubMed

Stifter, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (1990). Infant reactivity: Physiological correlates of newborn and 5-month temperament. Developmental Psychology, 26, 582–588. CrossRef

Stifter, C. A., & Jain, A. (1996). Psychophysiological correlates of infant temperament: Stability of behavior and autonomic patterning from 5 to 18 months. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 379–391. CrossRefPubMed

Suess, P. E., Porges, S. W., & Plude, D. J. (1994). Cardiac vagal tone and sustained attention in school-age children. Psychophysiology, 31, 17–22. CrossRefPubMed

Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Townsley, R. M. (1990). Social phobia: Relationship to shyness. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 28, 497–505. CrossRef

van der Bruggen, C. O., Bogels, S. M., & van Zeilst, N. (2010). What influences parenting controling behaviour? The role of parent and child trait anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 141–149. doi: 10.1080/02699930802618843. CrossRef

Walker, A. K., & MacPhee, D. (2011). How home gets to school: Parental control strategies predict children’s school readiness. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26, 355–364. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.02.001. CrossRef

Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319–330. doi: 10.2307/1129406. CrossRefPubMed

Titel: The Parenting Behaviors of Shy–Anxious Mothers: The Moderating Role of Vagal Tone
Auteurs: Amy E. Root
Paul D. Hastings
Kenneth H. Rubin
Publicatiedatum: 28-09-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0296-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2016

Parental Discipline Reactions to Child Noncompliance and Compliance: Association with Parent–Child Aggression Indicators

Parental Acceptance–Rejection and Adolescent Maladjustment: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Combined Roles

Staff Intervention and Youth Behaviors in a Child Welfare Residence

A Comparative Policy Analysis of Family Preservation Programs in the U.S. and in Taiwan

Juvenile Offending and Crime in Early Adulthood: A Large Sample Analysis

Does Self-Compassion Protect Adolescents from Stress?