Skip to main content
Top

2023 | OriginalPaper | Hoofdstuk

24. The male genitalia

Auteurs : B. L. Ronkes, Dr A. Meißner, K. E. Ebels, Msc

Gepubliceerd in: Physical Diagnostics

Uitgeverij: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Andrological examination involves intimate body parts, so these patients tend to be tense. Accordingly, the way in which the examination is conducted merits extra attention. Inspection involves looking at the development of secondary sexual characteristics, hygiene and abnormalities of the penis and scrotum, such as scars, warts, ulcers, redness, swelling and discharge. The penis should only be palpated on indication (if required). Palpation of the scrotum is used to check whether the vas deferens is complete and for scrotal swellings, which could be in the skin or intrascrotal (alongside or around the testes). When palpating the testes and epididymis, check them for symmetry, size, consistency, surface texture and the presence or absence of pain. The skin around the anus should be inspected during rectal examination. When palpating the prostate, assess it for size, symmetry, surface texture, the presence or absence of sulcus, pain, delineation and consistency. The discussion includes the following abnormalities of the penis: phimosis, balanitis, lichen sclerosis, hypospadias, meatal stenosis, condylomata acuminata, syphilis, genital herpes and Peyronie’s disease. Abnormalities of the scrotum can include testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TSD), testicular cancer, hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele, testicular torsion, orchitis and epididymitis. Prostate abnormalities can be indicative of conditions like benign prostate enlargement, prostate cancer and prostatitis.
Bijlagen
Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers
Literatuur
2.
go back to reference Mellick LB, Mowery ML, Al-Dhahir AM. Cremasteric reflex. StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jul 3. Mellick LB, Mowery ML, Al-Dhahir AM. Cremasteric reflex. StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jul 3.
3.
go back to reference Bangma CH. Leerboek urologie. 4th ed. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2018.CrossRef Bangma CH. Leerboek urologie. 4th ed. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2018.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Canales BK, Zapzalka DM, Ercole CJ, et al. Prevalence and effect of varicoceles in an elderly population. Urology. 2005;66:627–31.CrossRefPubMed Canales BK, Zapzalka DM, Ercole CJ, et al. Prevalence and effect of varicoceles in an elderly population. Urology. 2005;66:627–31.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z, et al. Physical examination may miss the diagnosis of bilateral varicocele: a comparative study of 4 diagnostic modalities. J Urol. 2004;172:1414–7.CrossRefPubMed Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z, et al. Physical examination may miss the diagnosis of bilateral varicocele: a comparative study of 4 diagnostic modalities. J Urol. 2004;172:1414–7.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Dohle GR, Colpi GM, Hargreave TB, et al. EAU working group on male infertility. EAU guidelines on male infertility. Eur Urol. 2005;48:703–11. Dohle GR, Colpi GM, Hargreave TB, et al. EAU working group on male infertility. EAU guidelines on male infertility. Eur Urol. 2005;48:703–11.
8.
go back to reference Nelson CP, Williams JF, Bloom DA. The cremasteric reflex: a useful but imperfect sign in testicular torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1248–9.CrossRefPubMed Nelson CP, Williams JF, Bloom DA. The cremasteric reflex: a useful but imperfect sign in testicular torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38:1248–9.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Van Driel MF, Van Andel MV, Ten Cate Hoedemaker HO, et al. Fysische diagnostiek. Rectaal toucher. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146:508–12.PubMed Van Driel MF, Van Andel MV, Ten Cate Hoedemaker HO, et al. Fysische diagnostiek. Rectaal toucher. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146:508–12.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, et al. Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology. 2007;70(6): 111720.CrossRef Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, et al. Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology. 2007;70(6): 111720.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Yamamoto T, Ito K, Ohi M, Kubota Y. Diagnostic significance of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in men with prostatic-specific antigen levels of 4 NG/ML or less. Urology. 2001;58:994–8.CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto T, Ito K, Ohi M, Kubota Y. Diagnostic significance of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in men with prostatic-specific antigen levels of 4 NG/ML or less. Urology. 2001;58:994–8.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. The Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027–35.CrossRef Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. The Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027–35.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Yanoshak SJ, Roehrborn CG, Girman CJ, et al. Use of a prostatic model to assist in training for digital rectal examination. Urology. 2000;55:690–3.CrossRefPubMed Yanoshak SJ, Roehrborn CG, Girman CJ, et al. Use of a prostatic model to assist in training for digital rectal examination. Urology. 2000;55:690–3.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Kirby RS, Fitzpatrick P. Textbook of benign prostatic hyperplasia. London: Informa Healthcare; 1996. Kirby RS, Fitzpatrick P. Textbook of benign prostatic hyperplasia. London: Informa Healthcare; 1996.
19.
go back to reference Van Bezooijen BPJ, Wiersma Tj, Schlatmann TJM, Zwartendijk J. Compendium urologie. Utrecht: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Urologie; 2008. Van Bezooijen BPJ, Wiersma Tj, Schlatmann TJM, Zwartendijk J. Compendium urologie. Utrecht: Nederlandse Vereniging voor Urologie; 2008.
20.
go back to reference Epstein JI. Pathology of prostatic neoplasia. In: Walsh PC, editor. Campbell’s urology. 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2002. Epstein JI. Pathology of prostatic neoplasia. In: Walsh PC, editor. Campbell’s urology. 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2002.
21.
go back to reference Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Interexaminer variability of digital rectal examination in detecting prostate cancer. Urology. 1995;45:70–4.CrossRefPubMed Smith DS, Catalona WJ. Interexaminer variability of digital rectal examination in detecting prostate cancer. Urology. 1995;45:70–4.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Hoogendam A, Buntinx F, De Vet HC. The diagnostic value of digital rectal examination in primary care screening for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 1999;16:621–6.CrossRefPubMed Hoogendam A, Buntinx F, De Vet HC. The diagnostic value of digital rectal examination in primary care screening for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 1999;16:621–6.CrossRefPubMed
Metagegevens
Titel
The male genitalia
Auteurs
B. L. Ronkes
Dr A. Meißner
K. E. Ebels, Msc
Copyright
2023
Uitgeverij
Bohn Stafleu van Loghum
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-2931-1_24