Top

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Gepubliceerd in:

29-09-2021 | Empirical Research

The Leadership Stories Our Youth Are Told: Characterizations of Leadership Behaviors and Orientations in Popular Youth TV Shows

Auteurs: Shayna Maskell, Graziella Pagliarulo McCarron, Jessie Cannon, Steven Zhou, Stephen J. Zacarro, Thalia R. Goldstein

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence | Uitgave 1/2022

Abstract

Given the consistently high viewership of television (TV) by youth, the social, behavioral, developmental, and psychological impact of such viewing has been studied for decades. Yet, little research has focused on the connections between youth, the TV shows to which they are exposed, and the characterizations of leadership presented to them. This study examines the type of leadership behaviors and orientations presented through youth TV shows in the United States across a continuum of viewership age targets. Shows were selected through purposeful sampling from the most popular youth TV shows in the United States, and episodes were chosen based on synopsis, selecting for the greatest possibility of leadership scenarios. Researchers identified three shows for each viewer target age group and five episodes for each TV show, for a total of 75 episodes. The findings include the discovery that show-prescribed viewer target age group positively predicted leadership behavior such as direction-setting—i.e., gathering information, organizing information, sense-making, and forecasting. Additionally, as viewer target age range increased, shows presented with a decrease in communal leadership—characterized as caring, warm, trustworthy, empathetic, helpful, and/or friendly. Such findings suggest that the representations of leadership depicted in popular youth TV shows are transmitting potentially counterproductive messages to future leaders, deprioritizing crucial leadership elements.

vorige artikel Exposure to Television Alcohol Brand Appearances as Predictor of Adolescent Brand Affiliation and Drinking Behaviors

volgende artikel Contextualizing the Well-being of Asexual Youth: Evidence of Differences in Family, Health, and School Outcomes

Alleen toegankelijk voor geautoriseerde gebruikers

Abele, A. E., Hauke, N., Peters, K., Louvet, E., Szymkow, A., & Duan, Y. (2016). Facets of the fundamental content dimensions: agency with competence and assertiveness—Communion with warmth and morality. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1810), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01810. CrossRef

Aladé, F. (2018). Character portrayals in STEM-focused educational television shows and their impact on children’s attitudes towards STEM [Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2020). Screen time and children. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-And-Watching-TV-054.aspx.

Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213–262). Rand McNally.

Bandura, A. (1971). Psychological modeling: conflicting theories. Aldine Atherton.

Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01. CrossRef

Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2020). Multilevel modeling: R demonstration notes. Curran-Bauer Analytics. www.curranbauer.org.

Brescoll, V. L., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2008). Can an angry woman get ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace. Psychological Science, 19(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02079.x\.

Boyd, R. L., Blackburn, K. G. & Pennebaker, J. W. (2020). The narrative arc: Revealing core narrative structures through text analysis. Science advances, 6(32), eaba2196. CrossRef

Campbell, K. D. (2013). Mythology as the original framework in the development of leadership principles. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(2), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21290. CrossRef

Chandra, A., Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Miu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 1047–1054. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3066. CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: a theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01. CrossRef

Curtis, S. M., & Ghosh, S. K. (2011). A Bayesian approach to multicollinearity and the simultaneous selection and clustering of predictors in linear regression. Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice, 5(4), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2011.10483741. CrossRef

Dalton, M. A., Longacre, M. R., Drake, K. M., Cleveland, L. P., Harris, J. L., Hendricks, K., & Titus, L. J. (2017). Child-targeted fast-food television advertising exposure is linked with fast-food intake among pre-school children. Public Health Nutrition, 20(9), 1548–1556. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980117000520. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

D’Auria-Tardeli, D. (2021). The notion of leadership and civic engagement in adolescents. Open Access Library Journal, 8, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107646. CrossRef

Day, D. V., & Harrison, M. M. (2007). A multilevel, identity-based approach to leadership development. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 360–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.007. CrossRef

Day, D., Harrison, M., Halpin, S. (2009). An integrative approach to leader development: connecting adult development, identity, and expertise. Routledge.

Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen‐Schmidt, M. C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781–797. CrossRef

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.109.3.573. CrossRefPubMed

England, D. E., Descartes, L., & Collier-Meek, M. A. (2011). Gender role portrayal and the Disney princesses. Sex Roles, 64(7), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9930-7. CrossRef

Fisch, S. M. (2014). Children’s learning from educational television: Sesame Street and beyond. Routledge.

Fiske, J. (1992). Cultural studies and the culture of everyday life. In C. Nelson, P. A. Treichler, & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Cultural studies: an introduction (pp. 154–173). Routledge.

Folkvord, F., Anschütz, D., & Geurts, M. (2020). Watching TV cooking programs: effects on actual food intake among children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 52(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.09.016. CrossRefPubMed

Gardner, W., Avolio, B., Luthans, F., May, D., & Walumbwa, F. (2005). “Can you see the real me?” A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 343–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.003. CrossRef

Gentile, D. A., Reimer, R. A., Nathanson, A. I., Walsh, D. A., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2014). Protective effects of parental monitoring of children’s media use: a prospective study. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 479–484. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.146. CrossRefPubMed

Gerding, A., & Signorielli, N. (2014). Gender roles in tween television programming: a content analysis of two genres. Sex Roles, 70(1-2), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0330-z. CrossRef

Ghosh, R., Haynes, R. K., & Kram, K. E. (2013). Developmental networks at work: holding environments for leader development. Career Development International, 18(3), 232–256. CrossRef

Gierzynski, A., & Yates, H. (2016). Fictional leaders, leadership stereotypes and evaluations of women in leadership positions [Paper presentation]. In Proceedings of 74th annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL . 7–10 April 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anthony_Gierzynski.

Gomillion, S. C., & Giuliano, T. A. (2011). The influence of media role models on gay, lesbian, and bisexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(3), 330–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.546729. CrossRefPubMed

Grusek, J. E. (1992). Social learning theory and developmental psychology: the legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura. Developmental Psychology, 28, 776–786. CrossRef

Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, media, language (pp. 61–95). Hutchinson.

Hall, S., & Du Gay, P. (Eds.). (1996). Questions of cultural identity. Sage.

Hamlen, K. R., & Imbesi, K. J. (2019). Role models in the media: a content analysis of preschool television programs in the US. Journal of Children and Media, 14(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2019.1689369. CrossRef

Hannah, S. T. (2006). Agentic leadership efficacy: test of a new construct and model for development and performance. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Harms, P. D., & Spain, S. M. (2016). Children’s stories as a foundation for leadership schemas: more than meets the eye. In C. Peus, S. Braun, & B. Schyns (Eds.), Monographs in leadership and management: leadership Lessons from compelling contexts (Vol. 8, pp. 301–325). Emerald.

Harwood, J., & Anderson, K. (2002). The presence and portrayal of social groups on prime-time television. Communication Reports, 15(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210209367756. CrossRef

Hentges, B., & Case, K. (2013). Gender representations on Disney Channel, Cartoon Network, and Nickelodeon broadcasts in the United States. Journal of Children and Media, 7(3), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.729150. CrossRef

Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: the role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 323–349. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2. CrossRef

Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Addison-Wesley.

Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (2013). Television and the aggressive child: a cross-national comparison. Routledge.

Karagianni, D., & Montgomery, A. J. (2018). Developing leadership skills among adolescents and young adults: a review of leadership programmes. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1292928. CrossRef

Karsay, K., & Schmuck, D. (2019). “Weak, sad, and lazy fatties”: adolescents’ explicit and implicit weight bias following exposure to weight loss reality TV shows. Media Psychology, 22(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1396903. CrossRef

Kellner, D. (2011). Cultural studies, multiculturalism, and media culture. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez (Eds.), Gender, race, and class in media: a critical reader (3rd ed., pp. 7–18). Sage.

Khurana, A., Bleakley, A., Ellithorpe, M. E., Hennessy, M., Jamieson, P. E., & Weitz, I. (2019). Media violence exposure and aggression in adolescents: a risk and resilience perspective. Aggressive Behavior, 45(1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21798. CrossRefPubMed

Komives, S. R., Owen, J. E., Longerbeam, S. D., Mainella, F. C., & Osteen, L. (2005). Developing a leadership identity: a grounded theory. Journal of College Student Development, 46(6), 593–611. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0061. CrossRef

Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Bell, B. S. (2003). Work groups and teams in organizations. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 333–375). Wiley.

Lafi, S. Q., & Kaneene, J. B. (1992). An explanation of the use of principal-components analysis to detect and correct for multicollinearity. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 13(4), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(92)90041-D. CrossRef

Lansford, J. E., Costanzo, P. R., Grimes, C., Putallaz, M., Miller, S., & Malone, P. S. (2009). Social network centrality and leadership status: links with problem behaviors and tests of gender differences. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0014. CrossRefPubMed

Lapierre, M. A., & Roosendaal, E. (2019). A cross-national study examining the role of executive function and emotion regulation in the relationship between children’s television exposure and consumer behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(10), 1980–2004. CrossRef

Lee, A. R., & Horsley, J. S. (2017). The role of social media on positive youth development: an analysis of 4-H Facebook page and 4-H’ers’ positive development. Children and Youth Services Review, 77, 127–138. CrossRef

Lester, P. B., Hannah, S. T., Harms, P. D., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2011). Mentoring impact on leader efficacy development: a field experiment. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 409–429. CrossRef

Li, Y., Anderson, R. C., Nguyen-Jahiel, K., Dong, T., Archodidou, A., Kim, I. H., Kuo, L. J., Clark, A. M., Wu, X., Jadallah, M., & Miller, B. (2007). Emergent leadership in children’s discussion groups. Cognition and Instruction, 25(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370000709336703. CrossRef

Mares, M. L. (2019). Mostly positive: effects of reminding white teens about Latino and Asian American celebrities. Media Psychology, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2019.1637265.

McCarron, G. P., Zhou, S., Schierbeek, E., Campbell, A., & Muscente, K. K. (In Press). We’re not working with a blank slate: Students’ pre-college leadership activities and perceived parenting behavior as predictors of college-based leader emergence and leader self-efficacy. Journal of Leadership Education.

Murphy, S. E., & Johnson, S. K. (2011). The benefits of a long-lens approach to leader development: understanding the seeds of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 459–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.04.004. CrossRef

Meyer, M. S., & Rinn, A. N. (2021). Developing leadership talent in adolescents and emerging adults: a systematic review. Gifted Child Quarterly, 00169862211007556.

Monaghan, W. (2021). Post-gay television: LGBTQ representation and the negotiation of ‘normal’ in MTV’s Faking It. Media, Culture & Society, 43(3), 428–443. CrossRef

Nabi, R. L., & Clark, S. (2008). Exploring the limits of social cognitive theory: Why negatively reinforced behaviors on TV may be modeled anyway. Journal of Communication, 58(3), 407–427. CrossRef

Northouse, P. (2018). Leadership theory and practice (8th ed.). Sage.

O’Meara, R. (2015). Changing the way we think about character change in episodic television series. Journal of Screenwriting, 6(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1386/josc.6.2.189_1. CrossRef

Parrot Analytics (2018). The global TV demand report 2018. https://insights.parrotanalytics.com/hubfs/Resources/whitepapers/Parrot%20Analytics%20-%20The%20Global%20TV%20Demand%20Report%202018.pdf.

Paulus, M. P., Squeglia, L. M., Bagot, K., Jacobus, J., Kuplicki, R., Breslin, F. J., Bodurka, J., Morris, A. S., Thompson, W. K., Bartsch, H., & Tapert, S. F. (2019). Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study. Neuroimage, 185, 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.040. CrossRefPubMed

Phillips, J. S., & Lord, R. G. (1982). Schematic information processing and perceptions of leadership in problem-solving groups. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 486–492. CrossRef

Recchia, S. (2011). Preschool leaders in the early childhood classroom. In S. E. Murphy & R. Reichard (Eds.), Early development and leadership: building the next generation of leaders (pp. 39–58). Routledge.

Rideout, V. (2017). The Common Sense census: media use by kids age zero to eight. Common Sense Media.

Rodgers, R. F., O’Flynn, J. L., & McLean, S. A. (2019). Media and eating disorders. The international encyclopedia of media literacy, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0060.

Rosette, A. S., Koval, C. Z., Ma, A., & Livingston, R. (2016). Race matters for women leaders: intersectional effects on agentic deficiencies and penalties. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.01.008. CrossRef

Schubart, R. (2018). “I am become death”: managing massacres and constructing the female teen leader in television and film. In J. Kendrick (Ed.), A companion to the action film (417–438). Wiley.

Shieh, Y. Y., & Fouladi, R. T. (2003). The effect of multicollinearity on multilevel modeling parameter estimates and standard errors. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(6), 951–985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258402. CrossRef

Simonato, I., Janosz, M., Archambault, I., & Pagani, L. S. (2018). Prospective associations between toddler televiewing and subsequent lifestyle habits in adolescence. Preventive Medicine, 110, 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.008. CrossRefPubMed

Sisson, S. B., Church, T. S., Martin, C. K., Tudor-Locke, C., Smith, S. R., Bouchard, C., Earnest, C. P., Rankinen, T., Newton, Jr., R. L., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2009). Profiles of sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4(4), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477160902934777. CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sommet, N., & Morselli, D. (2017). Keep calm and learn multilevel logistic modeling: a simplified three-step procedure using Stata, R, Mplus, and SPSS. International Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.90. CrossRef

Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis. Practical assessment. Research, and Evaluation, 7(17), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.7275/z6fm-2e34. CrossRef

Te’eni-Harari, T., Eyal, K., & Aharoni, M. (2020). It’s complicated: plot and formal feature complexity in early childhood television content. Mass Communication and Society, 23(4), 578–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1711953. CrossRef

Thompson-Hayes, M., Gibson, D. M., Webb, L. M., Nelson, L., Smith, M. M., & Walker, A. M. (2009). College students’ perceptions of fictional television families: perceived realism and potential for emulation. The Kentucky Journal of Communication, 28(2), 151–172. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lynne_Webb.

Thrasher, G. R., Biermeier-Hanson, B., & Dickson, M. W. (2020). Getting old at the top: the role of agentic and communal orientations in the relationship between age and follower perceptions of leadership behaviors and outcomes. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waz012. CrossRef

Uribe, R., & Fuentes-Garcia, A. (2017). Comparing children’s explicit and implicit understanding of advertising and placement on TV. International Journal of Advertising, 36(6), 928–944. CrossRef

Vossen, H. G., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2014). Media use and effects in childhood. The handbook of lifespan communication, 93–112.

Wang, Y. (2020). Humor and camera view on mobile short-form video apps influence user experience and technology-adoption intent, an example of TikTok (DouYin). Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 106373. CrossRef

Yeager, K. L., & Callahan, J. L. (2016). Learning to lead: foundations of emerging leader identity development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(3), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316645510. CrossRef

Zaccaro, S. J., & Banks, D. J. (2001). Leadership, vision, and organizational effectiveness. In S. J. Zaccaro & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), The nature of organizational leadership: understanding the performance imperatives confronting today’s leaders (pp. 181–218). Jossey-Bass.

Zaccaro, S. J., Green, J. P., Dubrow, S., & Kolze, M. (2018). Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: a comprehensive review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 2–43. CrossRef

Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. (2001). Team leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(4), 451–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00093-5. CrossRef

Titel: The Leadership Stories Our Youth Are Told: Characterizations of Leadership Behaviors and Orientations in Popular Youth TV Shows
Auteurs: Shayna Maskell
Graziella Pagliarulo McCarron
Jessie Cannon
Steven Zhou
Stephen J. Zacarro
Thalia R. Goldstein
Publicatiedatum: 29-09-2021
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Youth and Adolescence / Uitgave 1/2022
Print ISSN: 0047-2891
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-6601
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01502-3

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Tip

Swipe om te navigeren naar een ander artikel

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2022

Exposure to Television Alcohol Brand Appearances as Predictor of Adolescent Brand Affiliation and Drinking Behaviors

Exposure to Social Media Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Adolescents of Color

Correlates of Early Adolescents’ Social Media Engagement: The Role of Pubertal Status and Social Goals

Ethnic Diversity and Students’ Social Adjustment in Dutch Classrooms

Eve L. Ewing: Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s South Side

Affinity for Solitude and Motivations for Spending Time Alone Among Early and Mid- Adolescents