Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in:

22-02-2016

The Expression of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Daily Life: A Review of Experience Sampling Methodology and Daily Diary Studies

Auteur: Charlotte A. Chun

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 3/2016

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This review examined the assessment of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in daily life using experience sampling methodology (ESM)/ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and daily diary studies in adult samples. Fifteen peer-reviewed studies were identified and categorized into areas of total PTSD/multiple PTSS (studies including three or more symptom clusters), intrusive memories, and mood and anxiety symptoms. Overall, ESM and the daily diary method proved feasible for assessing the real-world expression of PTSS, resulted in minimal reactivity, and offered a number of advantages over classical assessment. Even within the two measurement types of ESM and daily diary, there was great variability in study design and analysis. The benefits and limitations of the different approaches are discussed. Different themes in content emerged as well, such as coping strategies and affective instability throughout the course of a day. Gaps in our current understanding are highlighted and suggestions for methodology and future areas of research are proposed.
Voetnoten
1
Both databases were searched for all terms and results were examined for suitability for the current review, with the exception of trauma* + daily life, which yielded over 400 results in PubMed, mostly relating to medical injury.
 
Literatuur
go back to reference aan het Rot, M., Hogenelst, K., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012). Mood disorders in everyday life: a systematic review of experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 510–523. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.007.CrossRef aan het Rot, M., Hogenelst, K., & Schoevers, R. A. (2012). Mood disorders in everyday life: a systematic review of experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 510–523. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cpr.​2012.​05.​007.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., ). DC: Washington. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., ). DC: Washington.
go back to reference Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Elliott, R., & Barker, C. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners. (pp. 94–118). Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley. Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Elliott, R., & Barker, C. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners. (pp. 94–118). Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley.
go back to reference Barrantes-Vidal, N., Chun, C. A., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Psychometric schizotypy predicts psychotic-like, paranoid, and negative symptoms in daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 1077–1087. doi:10.1037/a0034793.CrossRefPubMed Barrantes-Vidal, N., Chun, C. A., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Psychometric schizotypy predicts psychotic-like, paranoid, and negative symptoms in daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 1077–1087. doi:10.​1037/​a0034793.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., Wilson, S. M., & Dedert, E. A. (2013). Predictors of lapse in first week of smoking abstinence in PTSD and non-PTSD smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15, 1122–1129.CrossRef Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., Wilson, S. M., & Dedert, E. A. (2013). Predictors of lapse in first week of smoking abstinence in PTSD and non-PTSD smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15, 1122–1129.CrossRef
go back to reference Beckham, J. C., Wiley, M. T., Miller, S. C., Dennis, M. F., Wilson, S. M., McClernon, F. J., et al. (2008). Ad lib smoking in post-traumatic stress disorder: an electronic diary study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10, 1149–1157.CrossRef Beckham, J. C., Wiley, M. T., Miller, S. C., Dennis, M. F., Wilson, S. M., McClernon, F. J., et al. (2008). Ad lib smoking in post-traumatic stress disorder: an electronic diary study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10, 1149–1157.CrossRef
go back to reference Ben-Zeev, D. P. D., Young, M. A., & Madsen, J. W. (2009). Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 1021–1040.CrossRef Ben-Zeev, D. P. D., Young, M. A., & Madsen, J. W. (2009). Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 1021–1040.CrossRef
go back to reference Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: the CAPS-1. Behavior Therapy, 13, 187–188. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Klauminzer, G., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1990). A clinician rating scale for assessing current and lifetime PTSD: the CAPS-1. Behavior Therapy, 13, 187–188.
go back to reference Bunce, S. C., Larsen, R. J., & Peterson, C. (1995). Life after trauma: personality and daily life experiences of traumatized people. Journal of Personality, 63, 165–188.CrossRefPubMed Bunce, S. C., Larsen, R. J., & Peterson, C. (1995). Life after trauma: personality and daily life experiences of traumatized people. Journal of Personality, 63, 165–188.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dedert, E. A., Calhoun, P. S., Watkins, L. L., Sherwood, A., & Beckham, J. C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease: a review of the evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 61–78. doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9165-9.CrossRef Dedert, E. A., Calhoun, P. S., Watkins, L. L., Sherwood, A., & Beckham, J. C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease: a review of the evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 39, 61–78. doi:10.​1007/​s12160-010-9165-9.CrossRef
go back to reference Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Swinkels, C. M., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2014). Ecological momentary assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during a smoking quit attempt. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 16, 430–436.CrossRef Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Swinkels, C. M., Calhoun, P. S., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2014). Ecological momentary assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during a smoking quit attempt. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 16, 430–436.CrossRef
go back to reference Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Eid, M., Kleindienst, N., Stabenow, S., & Trull, T. J. (2009). Analytic strategies for understanding affective (In)stability and other dynamic processes in psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 195–202.CrossRefPubMed Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Eid, M., Kleindienst, N., Stabenow, S., & Trull, T. J. (2009). Analytic strategies for understanding affective (In)stability and other dynamic processes in psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 195–202.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Trull, T. J. (2009). Ecological momentary assessment of mood disorders and mood dysregulation. Psychological Assessment, 21, 463–475.CrossRefPubMed Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Trull, T. J. (2009). Ecological momentary assessment of mood disorders and mood dysregulation. Psychological Assessment, 21, 463–475.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Geiser, C., Bishop, J., Lockhart, G., Shiffman, S., & Grenard, J. L. (2013). Analyzing latent state-trait and multiple-indicator latent growth curve models as multilevel structural equation models. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00975. Geiser, C., Bishop, J., Lockhart, G., Shiffman, S., & Grenard, J. L. (2013). Analyzing latent state-trait and multiple-indicator latent growth curve models as multilevel structural equation models. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. doi:10.​3389/​fpsyg.​2013.​00975.
go back to reference Gillihan, S. J., Aderka, I. M., Conklin, P. H., Capaldi, S., & Foa, E. B. (2013). The child PTSD symptom scale: psychometric properties in female adolescent sexual assault survivors. Psychological Assessment, 25, 23–31.CrossRefPubMed Gillihan, S. J., Aderka, I. M., Conklin, P. H., Capaldi, S., & Foa, E. B. (2013). The child PTSD symptom scale: psychometric properties in female adolescent sexual assault survivors. Psychological Assessment, 25, 23–31.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Golier, J. A., Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., & Siever, L. J. (2001). Variability and severity of depression and anxiety in post traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 97–100.CrossRefPubMed Golier, J. A., Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., & Siever, L. J. (2001). Variability and severity of depression and anxiety in post traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 97–100.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hamaker, E. L. (2012). Why researchers should think “within-person”: A paradigmatic rationale. In M. R. Mehl, & T. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 43–61). New York: Guilford Press. Hamaker, E. L. (2012). Why researchers should think “within-person”: A paradigmatic rationale. In M. R. Mehl, & T. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 43–61). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Hektner, J. M., Schmidt, J. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). Experience sampling method: Measuring the quality of everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRef Hektner, J. M., Schmidt, J. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). Experience sampling method: Measuring the quality of everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRef
go back to reference Kashdan, T. B., Young, K. C., & McKnight, P. E. (2012). When is rumination an adaptive mood repair strategy? day-to-day rhythms of life in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 762–768. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.004.CrossRefPubMed Kashdan, T. B., Young, K. C., & McKnight, P. E. (2012). When is rumination an adaptive mood repair strategy? day-to-day rhythms of life in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 762–768. doi:10.​1016/​j.​janxdis.​2012.​07.​004.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kleim, B., Graham, B., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2013). Capturing intrusive re-experiencing in trauma survivors' daily lives using ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 998–1009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kleim, B., Graham, B., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2013). Capturing intrusive re-experiencing in trauma survivors' daily lives using ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 998–1009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Naragon-Gainey, K., Simpson, T. L., Moore, S. A., Varra, A. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2012). The correspondence of daily and retrospective PTSD reports among female victims of sexual assault. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1041–1047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Naragon-Gainey, K., Simpson, T. L., Moore, S. A., Varra, A. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2012). The correspondence of daily and retrospective PTSD reports among female victims of sexual assault. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1041–1047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Newton, T., & Ho, I. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and emotion experience in women: emotion occurrence, intensity, and variability in the natural environment. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7, 276–297. doi:10.1080/19322880802492237.CrossRef Newton, T., & Ho, I. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and emotion experience in women: emotion occurrence, intensity, and variability in the natural environment. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 7, 276–297. doi:10.​1080/​1932288080249223​7.CrossRef
go back to reference Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval- contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 771–785.CrossRef Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval- contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 771–785.CrossRef
go back to reference Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., Meyer, A. H., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2013). Reexperiencing symptoms, dissociation, and avoidance behaviors in daily life of patients with PTSD and patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 443–450. doi:10.1002/jts.21822.CrossRefPubMed Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., Meyer, A. H., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2013). Reexperiencing symptoms, dissociation, and avoidance behaviors in daily life of patients with PTSD and patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 443–450. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​21822.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., Grossman, P., Margraf, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2010). Instability of physical anxiety symptoms in daily life of patients with panic disorder and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 792–798. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.001.CrossRefPubMed Pfaltz, M. C., Michael, T., Grossman, P., Margraf, J., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2010). Instability of physical anxiety symptoms in daily life of patients with panic disorder and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 792–798. doi:10.​1016/​j.​janxdis.​2010.​06.​001.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Possemato, K., Kaier, E., Wade, M., Lantinga, L. J., Maisto, S. A., & Ouimette, P. (2012). Assessing daily fluctuations in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use with interactive voice response technology: protocol compliance and reactions. Psychological Services, 9, 185–196.CrossRefPubMed Possemato, K., Kaier, E., Wade, M., Lantinga, L. J., Maisto, S. A., & Ouimette, P. (2012). Assessing daily fluctuations in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use with interactive voice response technology: protocol compliance and reactions. Psychological Services, 9, 185–196.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Possemato, K., Marsch, L. A., & Bishop, T. M. (2014). Technology-based assessment and treatment approaches for PTSD and SUDs. In P. Ouimette, & J. P. Read (Eds.), Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders (2nd ed., pp. 305–329). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14273-015.CrossRef Possemato, K., Marsch, L. A., & Bishop, T. M. (2014). Technology-based assessment and treatment approaches for PTSD and SUDs. In P. Ouimette, & J. P. Read (Eds.), Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders (2nd ed., pp. 305–329). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi:10.​1037/​14273-015.CrossRef
go back to reference Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., Zimmer, J., Bohus, M., Koudela, S., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Frequency of intrusions and flashbacks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: An electronic diary study. Psychological Assessment, 25, 1370–1376.CrossRefPubMed Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., Zimmer, J., Bohus, M., Koudela, S., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Frequency of intrusions and flashbacks in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: An electronic diary study. Psychological Assessment, 25, 1370–1376.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Reger, G. M., Holloway, K. M., Candy, C., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J. A., Rizzo, A. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2011). Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers in a military mental health clinic. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 93–96.CrossRefPubMed Reger, G. M., Holloway, K. M., Candy, C., Rothbaum, B. O., Difede, J. A., Rizzo, A. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2011). Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy for active duty soldiers in a military mental health clinic. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 93–96.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Reger, G. M., Hoffman, J., Riggs, D., Rothbaum, B. O., Ruzek, J., Holloway, K. M., & Kuhn, E. (2013). The “PE coach” smartphone application: an innovative approach to improving implementation, fidelity, and homework adherence during prolonged exposure. Psychological Services, 10, 342–349. doi:10.1037/a0032774.CrossRefPubMed Reger, G. M., Hoffman, J., Riggs, D., Rothbaum, B. O., Ruzek, J., Holloway, K. M., & Kuhn, E. (2013). The “PE coach” smartphone application: an innovative approach to improving implementation, fidelity, and homework adherence during prolonged exposure. Psychological Services, 10, 342–349. doi:10.​1037/​a0032774.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference (2012). Why researchers should think “real-world”: A conceptual rational. In (2012). Why researchers should think “real-world”: A conceptual rational. In
go back to reference Sato, H., & Kawahara, J. (2011). Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative mood states. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24, 359–367.CrossRefPubMed Sato, H., & Kawahara, J. (2011). Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative mood states. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 24, 359–367.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schwarz, N. (2007). Retrospective and current self-reports: the rationale for real-time data capture. In A. S. Stone, S. Shiffman, A. A. Atienza, & L. Nebeling (Eds.), The science of real-time data capture (pp. 11–26). New York: Oxford University Press. Schwarz, N. (2007). Retrospective and current self-reports: the rationale for real-time data capture. In A. S. Stone, S. Shiffman, A. A. Atienza, & L. Nebeling (Eds.), The science of real-time data capture (pp. 11–26). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Schwarz, N.2012Why researchers should think “real-time”: A cognitive rationaleIn M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 22–42). New York: Guilford Press. Schwarz, N.2012Why researchers should think “real-time”: A cognitive rationaleIn M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 22–42). New York: Guilford Press.
go back to reference Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2012). Temporal patterns of anxious and depressed mood in generalized anxiety disorder: A daily diary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 131–141.CrossRefPubMed Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2012). Temporal patterns of anxious and depressed mood in generalized anxiety disorder: A daily diary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 131–141.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tarrier, N., Sommerfield, C., Reynolds, M., & Pilgrim, H. (1999). Symptom self-monitoring in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 30, 597–605.CrossRef Tarrier, N., Sommerfield, C., Reynolds, M., & Pilgrim, H. (1999). Symptom self-monitoring in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 30, 597–605.CrossRef
go back to reference Tourangeau, R. (2000). Remembering what happens: memory errors and survey reports. In A. A. Stone, J.S. Turkkan, C.A. Bachrach, J. B. Jobe, H. S. Kurtzman, & V. S Cain (Eds.), The science of self-report: Implications for research and practice (pp. 29–47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Tourangeau, R. (2000). Remembering what happens: memory errors and survey reports. In A. A. Stone, J.S. Turkkan, C.A. Bachrach, J. B. Jobe, H. S. Kurtzman, & V. S Cain (Eds.), The science of self-report: Implications for research and practice (pp. 29–47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Trull, T. J., Ebner-priemer, U. W., Brown, W. C., Tomko, R. L., & Scheiderer, E. M. (2012). Clinical Psychology. In M. R. Mehl & T. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 620–635). Trull, T. J., Ebner-priemer, U. W., Brown, W. C., Tomko, R. L., & Scheiderer, E. M. (2012). Clinical Psychology. In M. R. Mehl & T. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 620–635).
go back to reference Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2009). Using experience sampling methods/ecological momentary assessment (ESM/EMA) in clinical assessment and clinical research: introduction to the special section. Psychological Assessment, 21, 457–462. doi:10.1037/a0017653.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2009). Using experience sampling methods/ecological momentary assessment (ESM/EMA) in clinical assessment and clinical research: introduction to the special section. Psychological Assessment, 21, 457–462. doi:10.​1037/​a0017653.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 151–176.CrossRefPubMed Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 151–176.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Udachina, A., Thewissen, V., Myin-Germeys, I., Fitzpatrick, S., O’Kane, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2009). Understanding the relationships between self-esteem, experiential avoidance, and paranoia: structural equation modeling and experience sampling studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 661–668.CrossRefPubMed Udachina, A., Thewissen, V., Myin-Germeys, I., Fitzpatrick, S., O’Kane, A., & Bentall, R. P. (2009). Understanding the relationships between self-esteem, experiential avoidance, and paranoia: structural equation modeling and experience sampling studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 661–668.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference van Voorhees, E. E., Dennis, M. F., McClernon, F. J., Calhoun, P. S., Buse, N. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2013). The association of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with anxiety sensitivity and electronic diary negative affect among smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33, 556–560.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Voorhees, E. E., Dennis, M. F., McClernon, F. J., Calhoun, P. S., Buse, N. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2013). The association of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with anxiety sensitivity and electronic diary negative affect among smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 33, 556–560.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & aan het Rot, M. (2014). Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 925–937. Walz, L. C., Nauta, M. H., & aan het Rot, M. (2014). Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 925–937.
go back to reference Wilson, S. M., Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Dennis, M. F., Calhoun, P. S., Kirby, A. C., et al. (2014). Do ethnicity and gender moderate the influence of posttraumatic stress disorder on time to smoking lapse? Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1163–1167.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wilson, S. M., Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Dennis, M. F., Calhoun, P. S., Kirby, A. C., et al. (2014). Do ethnicity and gender moderate the influence of posttraumatic stress disorder on time to smoking lapse? Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1163–1167.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metagegevens
Titel
The Expression of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Daily Life: A Review of Experience Sampling Methodology and Daily Diary Studies
Auteur
Charlotte A. Chun
Publicatiedatum
22-02-2016
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9540-3

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2016

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 3/2016 Naar de uitgave