Method
Data Sources and Search Strategies
Inclusion Criteria
Selection
Data-Extraction and Data-Analysis
Results
Sample and Study Characteristics
Sample Features | Variables Used for Group Comparisons | Significant Effects/Differences a | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Kolko & Pardini (2010) | Follow-upb | Follow-up (continued) | Tool– Informant – Coding |
Clinic-referred | 1. CD (PR + SR, DI) | 10. Externalizing problems (TR,Q) | APSD – TR – Extreme: 1 |
USA, Pittsburgh | 2. ODD (PR + SR, DI) | 11. Internalizing problems (TR, Q) | ADHD diagnosis (!) c |
N (tot) = 177 | 3. ADHD (PR + SR, DI) | 12. Social problems (TR,Q) | |
N (CD) = 39 | 4. CD symptoms (PR + SR, DI) | 13. Violent delinquency (SR, Q) | |
Age 6–11(M = 8.9) | 5. ODD symptoms (PR + SR, DI) | 14. Theft (SR, Q) | |
81% Boys | 6. ADHD symptoms (PR + SR, DI) | 15. Vandalism (SR, Q) | |
51% Caucasian | 7. Externalizing problems (PR,Q) | 16. Functional impairment (Clin, RS) | |
8. Internalizing problems (PR,Q) | 17. Overall impairment (PR, Q) | ||
9. Social problems (PR, Q) | |||
2. Kahn et al. (2012) | Cross-sectionald | Tool–Informant–Coding | |
Clinic-referred | 1. Externalizing problems (SR, Q) | APSD – SR + PR (Highest score)e- Extreme: 2 | |
USA, Cleveland | 2. Externalizing problems (PR,Q) | Physical aggresions (PR; d = 0.64) | |
N (tot) = 566 | 3. Physical aggression (SR,Q) | Cruelty (PR; d = 0.69) | |
N (CD) = 51 to 65 | 4. Physical aggression (PR, Q) | APSD – SR – Extreme: 1 | |
Age 5–18 (M = 10.6) | 5. Cruelty (PR, Q) | Physical aggress. (SR; d = 0.69) | |
60% Boys | 6. Quality of Life (PR, Q) | APSD – PR – Extreme: 1 | |
6% Caucasian | 7. Global impairment (INT, RS) | Cruelty (PR; d = 0.77) | |
3. Colins and Andershed (2015) | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional (continued) | Tool–Informant–Coding |
Belgium | 1. ADHD (SR, DI) | 8. Aggression (SR, Q) | APSD – SR – Extreme: 1 |
Detained | 2. ODD (SR, DI) | 9. Rule-breaking behaviour (SR, Q) | Impulsive-irresponsible (d = 0.60) |
N (tot) = 191 | 3. Childhood-onset CD (SR, DI) | 10. Internalizing problems (SR, Q) | ICU-9 – SR – Extreme: 4 |
N (CD) = 118 | 4. SUD (SR, DI) | 11. Violent delinquency. (SR, Q) | Childhood-onset CD (d = 0.48) |
Age 12–17 (M = 15.8) | 5. Major depression (SR, DI) | 12. Non-violent delinquency (SR, Q) | Aggression (d = 0.73) |
100% Girls | 6. Anxiety disorder (SR, DI) | 13. Grandiose-manipulative (SR, Q) | Non-violent delinquency (d = 0.59) |
70% Belgian | 7. Attention problems (SR, Q) | 14. Impulsive-irresponsible (SR, Q) | Impulsive-irresponsible (d = 0.56) |
4. Hyde et al. (2015) | Cross-sectional | Follow-Up | Tool–Informant–Coding |
USA, Pittsburgh | 1. Aggressive symptoms | 1. Delinquency (SR, Q) | APSD – SR – Extreme: 2 |
Community | (PR + SR, DI) | 2. APD (SR, DI) | Delinquency (d = 0.86) (!) f |
N (tot) = 250 | 2. Rule-breaking symptoms | 3. APD symptoms (SR, DI) | Arrest records as adult (d = 1.01) (!) f |
N (CD) = 35 | (PR + SR,DI) | 4. SUD: Dependency (SR,DI) | |
Mean age 17 | 3. Arrest records as adolescent | 5. Depressive disorder (SR, DI) | |
100% Boys | (REG) | 6. SUD: Abuse (SR, DI) | |
53% Caucasian | 7. Arrest records as adult (REG) | ||
5. Sakai et al. (2016) | Cross-sectional (continued) | Cross-sectional | Tool–Informant–Coding |
USA, Colorado | 1. SUD: Cannabis (SR, DI) | 9. ODD lifetime (SR, DI) | ICU-4 – SR – Extreme: 1 |
Clinic-referred | 2. SUD: Alcohol (SR, DI) | 10. ODD Anger/irritability life. (SR, DI) | # CD symptoms lifetime (d = 1.12) |
N (tot) = 196 | 3. SUD: Cocaine (SR, DI) | 11. ADHD Hyp./Imp. life. (SR, DI) | ICU-9 – SR – Extreme: 1 |
N (CD) = 196 | 4. SUD: Amphetamine (SR, DI) | 12. ADHD: Inatt. life. (SR, DI) | # CD symptoms lifetime (d = 0.37) |
Age 13–18 | 5. SUD: Opioids (SR, DI) | 13. GAD lifetime (SR, DI) | ICU-4 – SR – Less extreme: 1 |
100% Boys | 6. SUD: Hallucinogen (SR, DI) | 14. Major depression life. (SR, DI) | # CD symptoms lifetime (d = 0.50) |
(% Caucasian: | 7. SUD: Tobacco (SR, DI) | 15. # CD symptoms lifetime (SR, DI) | ICU-9 – SR – Less extreme: 0 |
not reported) | 8. # SUDs (SR, DI) | 16. Length abstinence (SR, DI) | |
6. Vanwoerden et al. (2016) | Cross-sectionalg | Cross-sectional (continued) | Tool–Informant–Coding |
USA, Texas | 1. Total Problems (SR, Q) | 14. Internalizing problems (PR, Q) | APSD – PR + SR (OR-rule)i– Extreme: 0 |
Clinic-referred | 2. Externalizing problems (SR, Q) | 15. # CD symptoms (PR, DI) | |
N (tot) = 382 | 3. Internalizing problems (SR, Q) | 16. # ODD symptoms (PR, DI) | ICU-8 – SR – Less Extreme: 7 |
N (CD) = 111 to 113 | 4. Proactive-overt aggress. (SR, Q) | Externalizing problems (SR; d = 0.69) | |
Age 12–17 (M = 15.4) | 5. Proactive-Relat. aggress. (SR, Q) | Follow-up (change in level of)g | Proactive-overt aggression (d = 0.73) |
37% Boys | 6. Reactive-Overt aggress. (SR, Q) | 1. Externalizing problems (SR, Q) | Reactive-Overt aggression (d = 0.78) |
75% Caucasian | 7. Reactive-Relat. aggress. (SR, Q) | 2. Internalizing problems (SR, Q) | # CD symptoms (SR; d = 0.67) |
8. Anxiety (SR, Q) | 3. Proactive-overt aggression (SR, Q) | Less change in externalizing problems | |
9. Depressive symptoms (SR, Q) | 4. Proactive-Relat. aggression (SR, Q) | Less change Proactive-overt aggression | |
10. # CD symptoms (SR, DI) | 5. Reactive-Overt aggression (SR, Q) | Less change Reactive-overt aggression | |
11. # ODD symptoms (SR, DI) | 6 Reactive-Relat. aggression (SR, Q) | ||
12. Total Problems (PR, Q) | 7. Anxiety (SR, Q) | ||
13. Externalizing problems (PR, Q) | 8. Depressive symptoms (SR, Q) | ||
7. Van Damme et al. (2016) | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional (continued) | Tool–Informant–Coding |
Belgium | 1. ADHD (SR, DI) | 8. Reactive aggress. (SR, Q) | APSD – SR – Extreme: 1 |
Detained | 2. ODD (SR, DI) | 9. Proactive aggress. (SR, Q) | Proactive aggression (d = 0.92) |
N (tot) = 85 | 3. SUD (SR, DI) | Follow-upi | |
N (CD) = 8 to 63 j | 4. Mood disorder (SR, DI) | 1. Readiness change (SR, Q) | APSD – PR – Extreme: 0 |
Age 13–17 (M = 16.2) | 5. Anxiety disorder (SR, DI) | 2. Bond with staff (SR, Q) | |
100% Girls | 6. Violent delinquency (SR, Q) | 3. Collaboration goals (SR, Q) | APSD – PR + SR (OR-rule) k– Extreme: 0 |
77% Belgian | 7. Non-violent delinquency (SR, Q) | 4. Therapeutic engagement (SR, | |
8. Sethi et al. (2018) | Cross-sectionall | Tool–Informant–Coding | |
England | 1–4. Radial diffusivity m | APSD – PR + SR (Highest score) – Extreme: 0 | |
Mixed n | 5–8. Fractional anisotropy m | ||
N (tot) = 43 | 9–12. Axial diffusivity m | ||
N (CD) = 27 o | 13–16. Mean diffusivity m | ||
Age 12–17; | |||
100% Boys |
Assessment, Informant and Coding Characteristics
Prevalence
Study, Sample LPE Informant (LPE tool, coding method) | % Diagnosed With the LPE Specifier |
---|---|
1. Kolko & Pardini (2010), Clinic-referred | % |
Teacher (APSD-4; Extreme) | 59.5% |
2. Kahn et al. (2012), Clinic-referred | |
Child (APSD-4; Extreme) | 21.6% |
Parent (APSD-4; Extreme) | 30.8% |
Highest score b (APSD-4; Extreme) | 49.2% |
3. Colins and Andershed (2015), Detained | |
Child (ICU-9; Extreme) | 37.3% |
Child (APSD-4; Extreme) | 26.3% |
4. Hyde et al. (2015), Community | |
Child (APSD-4; Extreme) | 40.0% |
5. Sakai et al. (2016), Clinic-referred | |
Child (ICU-4; Less Extreme) | 50.5% |
Child (ICU-4; Extreme) | 6.1% |
Child (ICU-9; Less Extreme) | 83.7% |
Child (ICU-9; Extreme) | 21.9% |
6. Vanwoerden et al. (2016), Clinic-referred | |
Child (ICU-8; Less Extreme) | 82.9% |
Child or Parent c (APSD-4; Extreme) | 22.1% |
7. Van Damme et al. (2016), Detained | |
Child (APSD-4; Extreme) | 27.5% |
Parent (APSD-4; Extreme) | 76.7% |
Child or Parent d (APSD-4; Extreme) | 63.5% |
Child and Parent e (APSD-4; Extreme) | 50.0% |
8. Sethi et al.(2018), Mixed | |
Highest score b (APSD-4; Extreme) | 51.9% |