Top

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment

Gepubliceerd in:

01-03-2015

The Development, Factor Structure, and Validation of the Self-concept and Identity Measure (SCIM): A Self-Report Assessment of Clinical Identity Disturbance

Auteurs: Erin A. Kaufman, Jenny M. Cundiff, Sheila E. Crowell

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment | Uitgave 1/2015

Abstract

Clinically relevant identity disturbance, rather than more normative identity confusion, is a construct that has received limited empirical attention. This relative lack of empirical research is surprising, given that identity disturbance is a criterion for BPD, among the proposed features of all DSM-5 personality disorders, and may also be relevant for many other psychiatric diagnoses. The nomenclature used to describe identity-related constructs is currently unstandardized and many theorists have described overlapping concepts. Thus, there is a need to operationalize identity problems and improve measurement of this important construct. In this article we report the results of two studies that establish the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Self-Concept and Identity Measure (SCIM). The SCIM is a brief, self-report scale designed to assess dimensions of identity (healthy and disturbed) among adults. Participants were recruited through a psychology department subject pool (Study 1; n = 536) and also through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk Website (Study 2; n = 470). An exploratory factor analysis of Study 1 data revealed a 3-factor structure. A confirmatory factor analysis validated the 3-factor structure in the community sample recruited for Study 2. Results indicate that the SCIM is correlated with emotion dysregulation, Borderline Personality Disorder, depression, and other measures of psychopathology. Scores on the SCIM yielded high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89), test–retest reliability (α = 0.93, r = 0.88; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88), and adequate construct validity. The SCIM appears to produce valid and reliable test scores, with promising applications for clinical research and practice.

vorige artikel Assessing Usual Seasonal Depression Symptoms: The Seasonality Assessment Form

volgende artikel Sensory Over-Responsivity in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Our literature search yielded 1,981 articles. Of these, 739 were excluded because they did not refer to the psychological construct of identity. We reviewed the abstracts of the remaining articles and read those that described developmental processes of identity, self-concept, or clinically-relevant identity problems. A spreadsheet summarizing the results of this search is available from the first author upon request.

Eighty-two of the 106 participants who provided re-test data were administered the SCIM at least 14 days after their initial test. Test-retest coefficients were strong (α = 0.95, r = 0.90, ICC = 0.95), and did not differ significantly from values generated from the full sample of 106. Therefore we did not exclude participants who completed re-test prior to 14 days, as their data does not appear to inflate test-retest reliability estimates.

Akhtar, S. (1984). The syndrome of identity diffusion. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 141, 1381–1385.CrossRefPubMed

Al-Owidha, A., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (2009). On the question of an identity status category order: Rasch model step and scale statistics used to identify category order. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 88–96. doi:10.1177/0165025408100110.CrossRef

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, D.C.: Author.CrossRef

Arbuckle, J. L. (2009). Amos 18 user’s guide. Crawfordville: Amos Development Corporation.

Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal Of Adolescence, 18, 179–192. doi:10.1006/jado.1995.1012.CrossRef

Ball, L., & Chandler, M. J. (1989). Identity formation in suicidal and nonsuicidal youth: the role of self-continuity. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 257–275. doi:10.1017/S0954579400000444.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588–597.CrossRefPubMed

Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., & Kurtines, W. M. (2004). The development and validation of a measure of identity distress. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4, 1–8. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0401_1.CrossRef

Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the life-span: A process perspective on identity formation. In G. J. Neimeyer & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct psychology: A research annual (Vol. 1, pp. 155–186). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.

Blaney, P. H., & Millon, T. (2009). Oxford textbook of psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Limberger, M. F., Stieglitz, R.-D., Domsalla, M., & Chapman, A. L. (2009). The short version of the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23): development and initial data on psychometric properties. Psychopathology, 42, 32–39.CrossRefPubMed

Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980.CrossRef

Campbell, J. D., & Fehr, B. (1990). Self-esteem and perceptions of conveyed impressions: Is negative affectivity associated with greater realism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 122–133.CrossRefPubMed

Campbell, J. D., Assanand, S., & Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 115–140. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.t01-1-00002.CrossRefPubMed

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283.CrossRefPubMed

Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.CrossRef

Chabrol, H., & Leichsenring, F. (2006). Borderline personality organization and psychopathic traits in nonclinical adolescents: relationships of identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms and reality testing with callousness and impulsivity traits. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 70, 160–170. doi:10.1521/bumc.2006.70.2.160.CrossRefPubMed

Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., & Hallett, D. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: a study of Native and Non-native North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68, vii.CrossRefPubMed

Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Cramer, P. (2004). Identity change in adulthood: the contribution of defense mechanisms and life experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 280–316. doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00070-9.CrossRef

Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., Sneed, J. R., & Brook, J. S. (2004). The course and psychosocial correlates of personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: Erikson’s developmental theory revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 373–387. doi:10.1023/B:JOYO.0000037631.87018.9d.CrossRef

Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W. (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: from three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 983–996. doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9222-2.CrossRef

Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510.

Davies, D. (2010). Child development: A practitioner’s guide (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.

Derogatis, L. R., & Lazarus, L. (1994). SCL-90—R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 217–248). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Diehl, M., Hastings, C. T., & Stanton, J. M. (2001). Self-concept differentiation across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 16, 643–654. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.643.CrossRefPubMed

Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., & John, O. P. (1993). The divided self: concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self-concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 834–846.CrossRefPubMed

Drucker, P. M., & Greco-Vigorito, C. (2002). An exploratory factor analysis of children’s depression inventory scores in young children of substance abusers. Psychological Reports, 91, 131–141.CrossRefPubMed

Dunkel, C. S., Minor, L., & Babineau, M. (2010). The continued assessment of self-continuity and identity. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 171, 251–261. doi:10.1080/00221325.2010.483699.CrossRef

Erikson, E. H. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4, 56–121. doi:10.1177/000306515600400104.CrossRefPubMed

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. Oxford: Norton & Co.

Farchaus Stein, K., & Corte, C. (2007). Identity impairment and the eating disorders: content and organization of the self-concept in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 58–69. doi:10.1002/erv.726.CrossRef

Finzi-Dottan, R., Bilu, R., & Golubchik, P. (2011). Aggression and conduct disorder in former Soviet Union immigrant adolescents: the role of parenting style and ego identity. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 918–926. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.12.008.CrossRef

Gergen, K. J. (1991). The saturated self: Dilemmas of identity in contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.

Goth, K., Foelsch, P., Susanne, S.-M., Birkhölzer, M., Jung, E., Pick, O., & Schmeck, K. (2012). Assessment of identity development and identity diffusion in adolescence - Theoretical basis and psychometric properties of the self-report questionnaire AIDA. Child And Adolescent Psychiatry And Mental Health, 6, 27. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-27.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Gratz, K. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 253–263.CrossRef

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.CrossRef

Harter, S. (1997). The personal self in social context: Barriers to authenticity. In R. D. Ashmore & L. J. Jussim (Eds.), Self and identity: Fundamental issues (pp. 81–105). New York: Oxford University Press.

Harter, S. (1998). The development of self-representations. In N. Eisenberg & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Social, emotional, and personality development 5th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 553–617). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Harter, S. (2006). Self-processes and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 370–418). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Harter, S., & Monsour, A. (1992). Development analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology, 28, 251–260. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.251.CrossRef

Harter, S., Marold, D. B., Whitesell, N. R., & Cobbs, G. (1996). A model of the effects of perceived parent and peer support on adolescent false self behavior. Child Development, 67, 360–374.CrossRefPubMed

Harter, S., Bresnick, S., Bouchey, H. A., & Whitesell, N. R. (1997). The development of multiple role-related selves during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 835–853.CrossRefPubMed

Heard, H. L., & Linehan, M. M. (1993). Problems of self and borderline personality disorder: A dialectical behavioral analysis. In Z. V. Segal & S. J. Blatt (Eds.), The self in emotional distress: Cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives (pp. 301–333). New York: Guilford Press.

Henry-Edwards, S., Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Poznyak, V., & Monteiro, M. (2003). The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Guidelines for use in primary care (Draft Version 1.1 for Field Testing), Geneva.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.CrossRef

Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., Babor, T. F., Farrell, M., Formigoni, M., & Jittiwutikarn, J. (2008). Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Addiction, 103(6), 1039–1047. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.x.CrossRefPubMed

Inder, M. L., Crowe, M. T., Moor, S., Luty, S. E., Carter, J. D., & Joyce, P. R. (2008). “I actually don’t know who I am”: the impact of bipolar disorder on the development of self. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 71, 123–133.

Jones, R. M. (1992). Ego identity and adolescent problem behavior. In G. R. Adams, T. P. Gullotta & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation (pp. 216–233). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International.

Jørgensen, C. R. (2009). Identity style in patients with borderline personality disorder and normal controls. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 101–112. doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.101.CrossRefPubMed

Jørgensen, C. R. (2010). Invited essay: identity and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 21.CrossRef

Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Identity: recent findings and clinical implications. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 75, 969–1004.CrossRefPubMed

Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, J. E. (2010). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: a meta-analysis. Journal Of Adolescence, 33, 683–698. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.002.CrossRefPubMed

Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

Livesley, W. J. (2006). General assessment of personality disorder (GAPD). Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia.

Lutz, C. J., & Ross, S. R. (2003). Elaboration versus fragmentation: distinguishing between self-complexity and self-concept differentiation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 537–559. doi:10.1521/jscp.22.5.537.22927.CrossRef

Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401–412. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.401.

Lysaker, P. H., & Lysaker, J. T. (2004). Schizophrenia as dialogue at the ends of its tether: the relationship of disruptions in identity with positive and negative symptoms. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 17, 105–119. doi:10.1080/10720530490273890.CrossRef

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130–149. doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130.CrossRef

Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558. doi:10.1037/h0023281.CrossRefPubMed

Marcia, J. E. (1986). Clinical implications of the identity status approach within psychosocial developmental theory. Cadernos de Consulta Psicologica, 2, 23–34.

Marcia, J. E. (1994). The empirical study of ego identity. In H. A. Bosma, T. G. Graafsma, H. D. Grotevant & D. J. de Levita (Eds.), Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach (pp. 67–80). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Marcia, J. E. (2003). Treading fearlessly: a commentary on personal persistence, identity development, and suicide. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68, 131–138. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00257.CrossRef

Marcia, J. E. (2006). Ego identity and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 577–596. doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.6.577.CrossRefPubMed

Marsh, H. W., Wen, Z., & Hau, K. (2004). Structural equation models of latent interactions: evaluation of alternative estimation strategies and indicator construction. Psychological Methods, 9, 275–300. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.3.275.

Meares, R., Gerull, F., Stevenson, J., & Korner, A. (2011). Is self disturbance the core of borderline personality disorder? An outcome study of borderline personality factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 214–222. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.551280.CrossRefPubMed

Millon, T., & Simonsen, E. (2010). A précis of psychopathological history. In T. Millon, R. F. Krueger, & E. Simonsen (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Scientific foundations of the DSM-V and ICD-11 (pp. 3–52). New York: The Guilford Press.

O’Connor, B. P. (2005). A search for consensus on the dimensional structure of personality disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 323–345.CrossRefPubMed

Rose, D. N., & Bond, M. J. (2008). Identity, stress and substance abuse among young adults. Journal of Substance Use, 13, 268–282. doi:10.1080/14659890801912006.CrossRef

Samuel, S., & Akhtar, S. (2009). The Identity Consolidation Inventory (ICI): development and application of a questionnaire for assessing the structuralization of individual identity. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 69, 53–61. doi:10.1057/ajp.2008.39.CrossRef

Shanahan, M. J., & Pychyl, T. A. (2007). An ego identity perspective on volitional action: identity status, agency, and procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 901–911. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.013.CrossRef

Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthorne, L. J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380–1393. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1380.CrossRef

Stern, B. L., Caligor, E., Clarkin, J. F., Critchfield, K. L., Horz, S., MacCornack, V., & Kernberg, O. F. (2010). Structured Interview of Personality Organization (STIPO): preliminary psychometrics in a clinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 35–44. doi:10.1080/00223890903379308.CrossRefPubMed

Talley, A. E., Tomko, R. L., Littlefield, A. K., Trull, T. J., & Sher, K. J. (2011). The influence of general identity disturbance on reports of lifetime substance use disorders and related outcomes among sexual minority adults with a history of substance use. Psychology Of Addictive Behaviors: Journal Of The Society Of Psychologists In Addictive Behaviors, 25, 530–541. doi:10.1037/a0023022.CrossRef

Taylor, S., & Goritsas, E. (1994). Dimensions of identity diffusion. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8, 229–239. doi:10.1521/pedi.1994.8.3.229.CrossRef

Verheul, R., Andrea, H., Berghout, C. C., Dolan, C., Busschbach, J. V., & van der Kroft, P. A. (2008). Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118): development, factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 23–34. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.23.CrossRefPubMed

Waterman, A. S. (2007). Doing well: the relationship of identity status to three conceptions of well-being. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7, 289–307. doi:10.1080/15283480701600769.CrossRef

Westen, D., & Heim, A. K. (2003). Disturbances of self and identity in personality disorders. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 643–664). New York: Guilford Press.

Westen, D., Betan, E., & Defife, J. A. (2011). Identity disturbance in adolescence: associations with borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 305–313. doi:10.1017/s0954579410000817.CrossRefPubMed

Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136.CrossRef

Wheeler, H. A., Adams, G. R., & Keating, L. (2001). Binge eating as a means for evading identity issues: the association between an avoidance identity style and bulimic behavior. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 1, 161–178. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0102_04.CrossRef

Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62, 71–83. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.71.CrossRefPubMed

Wilkinson-Ryan, T., & Westen, D. (2000). Identity disturbance in borderline personality disorder: an empirical investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 528–541. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.528.CrossRefPubMed

Winston, A. P. (2005). Projection, introjection and identity in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 21, 389–399. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0118.2005.tb00226.x.

Titel: The Development, Factor Structure, and Validation of the Self-concept and Identity Measure (SCIM): A Self-Report Assessment of Clinical Identity Disturbance
Auteurs: Erin A. Kaufman
Jenny M. Cundiff
Sheila E. Crowell
Publicatiedatum: 01-03-2015
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment / Uitgave 1/2015
Print ISSN: 0882-2689
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3505
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9441-2

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2015

Specific Associations between Anxiety Sensitivity Dimensions and Fear and Distress Dimensions of Emotional Distress Disorders

The Relationships between Five-Factor Model Personality Traits and Personality Disorder Features in an Australian Non-Clinical Sample

Assessing Usual Seasonal Depression Symptoms: The Seasonality Assessment Form

Loneliness in Children and Adolescents With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Elucidating the Construct Validity of the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) in a Sample of Young Adults

A Longitudinal Test of the Vulnerability-Stress Model with Early Maladaptive Schemas for Depressive and Social Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents