Introduction
Methods and materials
Sample and data collection procedures
Respondents | Nonrespondents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % | |
Age groups (years) | ||||
18–39 | 782 | 41 | 929 | 45 |
40–59 | 719 | 38 | 679 | 33 |
60–81 | 392 | 21 | 458 | 22 |
Gendera
| ||||
Male | 907 | 48 | 1,083 | 52 |
Female | 986 | 52 | 983 | 48 |
Level of education* | ||||
7–10 years | 362 | 19 | 538 | 26 |
11–12 years | 558 | 30 | 649 | 32 |
13 years | 267 | 14 | 541 | 26 |
14–16 years | 381 | 20 | 267 | 13 |
17 years or more | 325 | 17 | 71 | 3 |
Marital status*** | ||||
Married/cohabitant** | 1,104 | 58 | 939 | 46 |
Single** | 538 | 28 | 766 | 37 |
Widow/widower** | 88 | 5 | 146 | 7 |
Divorced** | 123 | 7 | 173 | 8 |
Separated | 28 | 1 | 42 | 2 |
Missing responses | 12 | 1 | ||
Coresidencea
| ||||
Living with spouse with/without children | 1,367 | 72 | – | – |
Living with children without spouse | 71 | 4 | – | – |
Living with siblings/or other family members | 79 | 4 | – | – |
Living alone | 302 | 16 | – | – |
Living with others | 68 | 4 | – | – |
Worka
| – | – | ||
Paying job | 1,353 | 71 | – | – |
Whole time at home | 95 | 5 | – | – |
Studying, military service | 132 | 7 | – | – |
Unemployed | 52 | 3 | – | – |
Disablement benefit or old-age pension | 433 | 23 | – | – |
Health condition | 501 | 27 | – | – |
Chronic illness (more than the last 6 months) | – | – | – | – |
Instruments and scoring procedures
Sociodemographic characteristics
Chronic illnesses
Pain
Stress-related symptoms
Fatigue
Subjective health
GQOL
Statistics
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Step A: age, sex, education, work, marital status, cohabitation (all defined as possible confounders) + chronic pain.
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Step B: age, sex, education, work, marital status, cohabitation, chronic illness (yes or no), number of chronic diseases (defined as possible confounders) + chronic pain.
-
Step C: age, sex, education, work, marital status, cohabitation, chronic illness (yes or no), number of chronic diseases (defined as possible confounders) + stress-related symptoms (defined as a possible mediator) + chronic pain.
-
Step D: as for Step C, but with fatigue as a possible mediator.
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Step E: as for step C, but with subjective health as a possible mediator.
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Step F: as for step C, but with stress-related symptoms + fatigue + subjective health as possible mediators.
Results
Relationship between chronic pain and GQOL
Quality of life | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Step A | Step B | Step C | Step D | Step E | Step F | ||||||||
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
|
B
|
P
| |
Age (years) | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.07 | <0.01 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.05 | <0.05 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||
Female | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | Ref. | <0.001 | ||
Male | −1.98 | −2.16 | −2.23 | −4.35 | −2.95 | −2.12 | <0.001 | −4.06 | ||||||
Education (1–5) | 1.37 | <0.001 | 1.03 | <0.001 | 0.97 | <0.001 | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.57 | <0.01 | 0.65 | <0.01 | 0.38 | <0.05 |
Work | ||||||||||||||
Paid work | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.05 |
Pensioner | −2.85 | −3.70 | −2.34 | −0.81 | −1.63 | −1.71 | −0.56 | |||||||
Unemployed | −12.14 | −9.05 | −8.50 | −4.94 | −7.30 | −7.77 | −4.92 | |||||||
Student/military | −0.74 | 2.09 | 2.08 | 1.18 | 1.97 | 1.73 | 1.14 | |||||||
Home work | 1.34 | −0.45 | −0.24 | −0.79 | −1.45 | −0.41 | −1.15 | |||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||||
Married | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | <0.05 |
Divorced/separated | −4.58 | −3.16 | −2.73 | 1.60 | −2.92 | −2.86 | −1.98 | |||||||
Widow | −3.08 | −1.37 | −1.36 | −2.88 | −1.62 | −3.04 | −3.58 | |||||||
Unmarried | −3.65 | −1.81 | −1.72 | −1.47 | −1.70 | −1.43 | −1.35 | |||||||
Living alone | ||||||||||||||
No | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns |
Yes | −3.87 | −1.90 | −1.66 | −0.98 | −2.08 | −1.22 | −1.01 | |||||||
Chronic pain | ||||||||||||||
No chronic pain | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | <0.05 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns |
Chronic pain | −5.50 | −4.78 | −2.84 | −0.90 | −1.49 | −0.02 | 0.69 | |||||||
Chronic illnesses | ||||||||||||||
No | Ref. | <0.001 | Ref. | <0.01 | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns | Ref. | ns | Ref. | <0.05 | ||
Yes | −5.35 | −2.26 | −0.76 | −0.31 | 1.20 | 1.48 | ||||||||
Number of chronic illnesses (0–7) | −2.42 | <0.001 | −1.21 | <0.001 | −0.05 | ns | −0.36 | ns | −0.25 | ns | 0.51 | ns | ||
Stress-related symptoms (10–70) | −0.59 | <0.001 | −0.57 | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | −0.45 | <0.001 | ||||
Fatigue (1–7) | −4.03 | <0.001 | −3.64 | <0.001 | – | – | −1.16 | <0.001 | ||||||
Subjective health (1–5) | 5.42 | <0.001 | 5.17 | <0.001 | 2.91 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Adj. R square | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.39 |