Top

Gepubliceerd in:

15-10-2024 | Original Paper

The Associations Between COVID-19-related Stigma of School-age Children and Communicative Support from Parents and Teachers

Auteurs: Yui Yamaoka, Mayumi Hangai, Makiko Sampei, Naho Morisaki

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 11/2024

Abstract

Fear and threats during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have caused stigma, but COVID-19-related stigma among children has not been well studied. We examined children’s COVID-19-related stigma among children and related factors to mitigate stigmatizing perceptions. We utilized a dataset of 1500 households from a nationwide postal survey of randomly selected children in fifth and eighth grade in Japan in December 2020. Children responded to the frequency of their caregivers’ and teachers’ communicative support (i.e., asking or accepting one’s thoughts) and three types of stigmas (self-stigma, stereotype and discrimination as public stigma) toward COVID-19. A total of 772 dyads of children and caregivers responded to the survey, and the analytic sample consisted of 768 dyads (51.2% of the target sample) after excluding missing data for the stigma variable. A multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear analysis was performed to examine the association between child stigma and communicative support from caregivers and teachers, adjusting for sampling weights. Self-stigma was the most common type of stigma among children. Both communicative support from caregivers and teachers were significantly associated with lower perceptions of discrimination. Higher support from teachers was associated with lower self-stigma among children in eighth grade and lower stereotypes among children in fifth grade. This study highlights the presence of self-stigma related to COVID-19 in middle childhood and adolescence. Communicative support from caregivers and teachers is essential to listen to children’s beliefs about COVID-19, to provide emotional safety, and to mitigate stigma during difficult times.

vorige artikel Perceptions of Play Among Mothers and Fathers from Low-Income Households in Türkiye

volgende artikel Neighborhood Adversity and Externalizing Problems: the Moderating Role of Educational Opportunities

Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2020). Talking to Children About Coronavirus (COVID19). Retrieved 11/20 from https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/Docs/latest_news/2020/Coronavirus_COVID19__Children.pdf.

Bagcchi, S.(2020). Stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 782. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30498-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Batchelder, A. W., Foley, J. D., Kim, J., Thiim, A., Kelly, J., Mayer, K. & O’Cleirigh, C. (2021). Intersecting internalized stigmas and HIV self-care among men who have sex with men and who use substances. Social Science & Medicine, 275, 113824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113824.CrossRef

Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2009). Using empathy to improve intergroup attitudes and relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 3(1), 141–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01013.x.CrossRef

Chen, E., & Paterson, L. Q. (2006). Neighborhood, family, and subjective socioeconomic status: How do they relate to adolescent health? Health Psychology, 25(6), 704–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.6.704.CrossRefPubMed

Chew, C.-C., Lim, X.-J., Chang, C.-T., Rajan, P., Nasir, N., & Low, W.-Y. (2021). Experiences of social stigma among patients tested positive for COVID-19 and their family members: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1623 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11679-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Corrigan, P. W. & Rao, D. (2012). On the self-stigma of mental illness: stages, disclosure, and strategies for change. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8), 464–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700804.CrossRefPubMed

Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.9.1.35.CrossRef

Dalton, L., Rapa, E., & Stein, A. (2020). Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 346–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3.CrossRef

Dansey, D., Shbero, D., & John, M. (2019). Keeping secrets: how children in foster care manage stigma. Adoption & Fostering, 43(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308575918823436.CrossRef

Duan, W., Bu, H. & Chen, Z. (2020). COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Social Science & Medicine, 266, 113425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113425.CrossRef

Farhangi, M. A., Emam-Alizadeh, M., Hamedi, F. & Jahangiry, L. (2017). Weight self-stigma and its association with quality of life and psychological distress among overweight and obese women. Eating and Weight Disorder, 22(3), 451–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0288-2.CrossRef

Fischer, L. S., Mansergh, G., Lynch, J. & Santibanez, S. (2019). Addressing disease-related stigma during infectious disease outbreaks. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(5-6), 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.157.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Flanigan, L. K., & Climie, E. A. (2020). A review of school-based interventions to reduce stigma towards schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(4), 983–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09765-y.CrossRefPubMed

Friedrich, B., Evans-Lacko, S., London, J., Rhydderch, D., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Anti-stigma training for medical students: The Education Not Discrimination project. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(S55), S89–S94. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.114017.CrossRef

Fu, L., Wang, B., Chan, P. S. F., Luo, D., Zheng, W., Ju, N., & Zou, H. (2022). Associations between COVID-19 related stigma and sleep quality among COVID-19 survivors six months after hospital discharge. Sleep Medicine, 91, 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.020.CrossRefPubMed

Furukawa, T. A., Kawakami, N., Saitoh, M., Ono, Y., Nakane, Y., Nakamura, Y. & Kikkawa, T. (2008). The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17(3), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.257.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gilmore, N. & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: overcoming ‘them’ and ‘us. Social Science & Medicine, 39(9), 1339–1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90365-4.CrossRef

Haft, S. L., & Zhou, Q. (2021). An outbreak of xenophobia: Perceived discrimination and anxiety in Chinese American college students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. International journal of psychology: Journal international de psychologie, 56(4), 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12740.CrossRefPubMed

Harter, S. (2015). The construction of the self: Developmental and sociocultural foundations. Guilford Publications

Imran, N., Aamer, I., Sharif, M. I., Bodla, Z. H. & Naveed, S. (2020). Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(5), 1106–1116. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Japan Research Center. (2021). Percentage of respondents who said they “wear a mask in public places”. Retrieved 8/22 from https://www.nrc.co.jp/nryg/211227.html.

Kaushik, A., Kostaki, E. & Kyriakopoulos, M. (2016). The stigma of mental illness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 243, 469–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.042.CrossRefPubMed

Killen, M., & Dahl, A. (2021). Moral reasoning enables developmental and societal change. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1209–1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620964076.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

King, M., Dinos, S., Shaw, J., Watson, R., Stevens, S., Passetti, F., & Serfaty, M. (2007). The stigma Scale: development of a standardised measure of the stigma of mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(3), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024638.CrossRefPubMed

Koller, D. (2021). Right of children to be heard. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 5(1), e001161 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001161.CrossRefPubMedCentral

Kuczynski, L., Pitman, R., & Twigger, K. (2018). Flirting with resistance: children’s expressions of autonomy during middle childhood. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 13(sup1), 1564519. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2018.1564519.CrossRefPubMed

Lanfredi, M., Macis, A., Ferrari, C., Rillosi, L., Ughi, E. C., Fanetti, A., & Rossi, R. (2019). Effects of education and social contact on mental health-related stigma among high-school students. Psychiatry Research, 281, 112581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112581.CrossRefPubMed

Li, Y., Duan, W. & Chen, Z. (2020). Latent profiles of the comorbidity of the symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents who are susceptible to COVID-19. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105235.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Link, B. G. & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363.CrossRef

Lohiniva, A. L., Dub, T., Hagberg, L., & Nohynek, H. (2021). Learning about COVID-19-related stigma, quarantine and isolation experiences in Finland. PLoS One, 16(4), e0247962 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247962.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marshall, S. W.(2007). Power for tests of interaction: effect of raising the Type I error rate. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovation, 4, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-4-4.CrossRef

McCurdy, A. L., Williams, K. N., Lee, G. Y., Benito-Gomez, M., & Fletcher, A. C. (2020). Measurement of parental autonomy support: A review of theoretical concerns and developmental considerations. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 12(3), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12389.CrossRef

McKown, C., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74(2), 498–515.CrossRefPubMed

Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. (2020). Regarding response to the new coronavirus infection in day-care centers for children of health care workers (April 17, 2020). Retrieved May 6 from https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/000622822.pdf.

Misra, S., Le, P. D., Goldmann, E. & Yang, L. H. (2020). Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. Psychological Trauma, 12(5), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000821.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Molina, Y., Choi, S. W., Cella, D. & Rao, D. (2013). The stigma scale for chronic illnesses 8-item version (SSCI-8): development, validation and use across neurological conditions. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9243-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moses, T. (2010). Adolescent mental health consumers’ self-stigma: Associations with parents’ and adolescents’ illness perceptions and parental stigma. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 781–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20395.CrossRef

Myant, K. A., & Williams, J. M. (2005). Children’s concepts of health and illness: understanding of contagious illnesses, non-contagious illnesses and injuries. J Health Psychol, 10(6), 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305057315.CrossRefPubMed

Nochaiwong, S., Ruengorn, C., Awiphan, R., Kanjanarat, P., Ruanta, Y., Phosuya, C., & Wongpakaran, T. (2021). COVID-19 Public Stigma Scale (COVID-PSS): development, validation, psychometric analysis and interpretation. BMJ Open, 11(11), e048241. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048241.CrossRefPubMed

Oduyemi, A. Y., Okafor, I. P., Eze, U. T., Akodu, B. A., & Roberts, A. A. (2021). Internalization of stigma among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Nigeria: a mixed method study. BMC Psychol, 9(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00687-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Osaki, T. (2020). Japan’s ’virus vigilantes’ take on rule-breakers and invaders (May 13, 2020). The Japan Times. Retrieved May 6 from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/05/13/national/coronavirus-vigilantes-japan/.

Ozbaran, B., Turer, F., Yilancioglu, H. Y., Kose, S., Senturk Pilan, B., Guzel, O., & Ozhan, M. H. (2022). COVID-19-related stigma and mental health of children and adolescents during pandemic. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 27(1), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045211059408.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pattyn, E., Verhaeghe, M., Sercu, C., & Bracke, P. (2014). Public stigma and self-stigma: Differential association with attitudes toward formal and informal help seeking. Psychiatric Services, 65(2), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200561.CrossRefPubMed

Radanović, A., Micić, I., Pavlović, S., & Krstić, K. (2021). Don’t think that kids aren’t noticing: Indirect pathways to children’s fear of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 635952.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ransing, R., Ramalho, R., de Filippis, R., Ojeahere, M. I., Karaliuniene, R., Orsolini, L. & Adiukwu, F. (2020). Infectious disease outbreak related stigma and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Drivers, facilitators, manifestations, and outcomes across the world. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.033.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reinius, M., Wettergren, L., Wiklander, M., Svedhem, V., Ekström, A. M., & Eriksson, L. E. (2017). Development of a 12-item short version of the HIV stigma scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0691-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sakurai, K., Nishi, A., Kondo, K., Yanagida, K. & Kawakami, N. (2011). Screening performance of K6/K10 and other screening instruments for mood and anxiety disorders in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 65(5), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02236.x.CrossRefPubMed

Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schoch-Spana, M., Bouri, N., Rambhia, K. J., & Norwood, A. (2010). Stigma, health disparities, and the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: how to protect Latino farmworkers in future health emergencies. Biosecur Bioterror, 8(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2010.0021.CrossRefPubMed

Scott, K. E., Shutts, K., & Devine, P. G. (2020). Parents’ role in addressing children’s racial bias: The case of speculation without evidence. Perspectives on psychological science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 15(5), 1178–1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927702.CrossRefPubMed

Sheen, J., Clancy, E. M., Considine, J., Dwyer, A., Tchernegovski, P., Aridas, A.,…Boyd, L. (2022). “Did You Bring It Home with You?” A Qualitative Investigation of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Victorian Frontline Healthcare Workers and Their Families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084897.

Sorokowski, P., Groyecka, A., Kowal, M., Sorokowska, A., Białek, M., Lebuda, I., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Can Information about Pandemics Increase Negative Attitudes toward Foreign Groups? A Case of COVID-19 Outbreak. Sustainability, 12(12), 4912.CrossRef

Spears Brown, C., & Bigler, R. S. (2005). Children’s perceptions of discrimination: A developmental model. Child Development, 76(3), 533–553.CrossRefPubMed

Stangl, A. L., Earnshaw, V. A., Logie, C. H., van Brakel, W., L, C. S., Barré, I., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Medicine, 17(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Suzuki, R., Iizuka, Y., & Lefor, A. K. (2021). COVID-19 related discrimination in Japan: A preliminary analysis utilizing text-mining. Medicine (Baltimore), 100(36), e27105. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000027105.CrossRefPubMed

The Japan Times. (2020). Japan to declare nationwide state of emergency as virus spreads. Retrieved 6/16 from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/04/16/national/state-of-emergency-expansion/.

Tomata, Y., Watanabe, T., Tanji, F., Zhang, S., Sugawara, Y., & Tsuji, I. (2018). The impact of psychological distress on incident functional disability in elderly Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112502.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization. (2020). A guide to preventing and addressing social stigma associated with COVID-19. Retrieved 8/22 from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/a-guide-to-preventing-and-addressing-social-stigma-associated-with-covid-19?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3JanBhCPARIsAJpXTx5Lq-lOBVE6dMHvl-rMXEa5aUNIU1Lz88nCHYXbucKQVbzm7JU7rnEaAsNPEALw_wcB.

Yamaguchi, A., Hosozawa, M., Hasegawa, A., Okubo, Y., Sampei, M., Sawada, N. & Yamaoka, Y. (2022). The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the rights of the child in Japan. Pediatrics International, 64(1), e14913. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.14913.CrossRefPubMed

Yoshioka, T. & Maeda, Y. (2020). COVID-19 stigma induced by local government and media reporting in Japan: It’s time to reconsider risk communication lessons From the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster. Journal of Epidemiolog, 30(8), 372–373. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20200247.CrossRef

Titel: The Associations Between COVID-19-related Stigma of School-age Children and Communicative Support from Parents and Teachers
Auteurs: Yui Yamaoka
Mayumi Hangai
Makiko Sampei
Naho Morisaki
Publicatiedatum: 15-10-2024
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies / Uitgave 11/2024
Print ISSN: 1062-1024
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2843
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02931-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 11/2024

Parents & Cannabis: Adolescents’ Reports of Parent-Related Factors Associated with Their Attitudes About and Intentions to Use Cannabis

Original Paper

Elevating Voices of Black Single Mothers and Their Adolescent Daughters: Strengthening Mother-daughter Program Retention and Satisfaction

Original Paper

Responses to Gender-Based Violence by Individuals Who Were Exposed to It During Childhood in Spain

Open Access
Original Paper

Maternal Beliefs about Screen Device Use Predict Preschool Children’s Screen Time

Original Paper

Exploring the Association between Parenting Stress and a Child’s Exposure to Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)

Open Access
Original Paper

Profiles of Early Adolescents’ Health Risk Communication with Parents: Gender Differences and Associations with Health Risk Behavior

Original Paper