Top

Gepubliceerd in:

01-09-2013 | ORIGINAL PAPER

The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues

Auteurs: Claudia Bergomi, Wolfgang Tschacher, Zeno Kupper

Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness | Uitgave 3/2013

Abstract

During recent years, mindfulness-based approaches have been gaining relevance for treatment in clinical populations. Correspondingly, the empirical study of mindfulness has steadily grown; thus, the availability of valid measures of the construct is critically important. This paper gives an overview of the current status in the field of self-report assessment of mindfulness. All eight currently available and validated mindfulness scales (for adults) are evaluated, with a particular focus on their virtues and limitations and on differences among them. It will be argued that none of these scales may be a fully adequate measure of mindfulness, as each of them offers unique advantages but also disadvantages. In particular, none of them seems to provide a comprehensive assessment of all aspects of mindfulness in samples from the general population. Moreover, some scales may be particularly indicated in investigations focusing on specific populations such as clinical samples (Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale, Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire) or meditators (Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory). Three main open issues are discussed: (1) the coverage of aspects of mindfulness in questionnaires; (2) the nature of the relationships between these aspects; and (3) the validity of self-report measures of mindfulness. These issues should be considered in future developments in the self-report assessment of mindfulness.

volgende artikel Observing as an Essential Facet of Mindfulness: A Comparison of FFMQ Patterns in Meditating and Non-Meditating Individuals

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191–206.PubMedCrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45.PubMedCrossRef

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15, 329–342.PubMedCrossRef

Baer, R. A., Walsh, E., & Lykins, E. L. B. (2009). Assessment of mindfulness. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 153–168). New York: Springer.CrossRef

Belzer, F., Schmidt, S., & Lucius-Höhne, G. (2011, June). Freiburger Fragebogen zur Achtsamkeit im Kognitiven Interview. Analyse der Beantwortungsprozesse in Abhängigkeit von Achtsamkeitserfahrung. Speech presented at the 3. Tagung des Forschungsnetzwerks Achtsamkeit (3rd Conference of the Mindfulness Research Network). Bern, Switzerland.

Bergomi, C. (2007). Achtsamkeit, buddhistische Meditation und psychische Gesundheit (Unpublished master’s thesis). Psychology Department, University of Bern, Switzerland / Retrieved from http://www.upd.unibe.ch/research/papers/Liz_Bergomi.pdf.

Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2012). Measuring mindfulness: first steps towards the development of a comprehensive mindfulness scale. Mindfulness. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9.

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.CrossRef

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.PubMedCrossRef

Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promises in defining and measuring mindfulness: observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 242–248.CrossRef

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211–237.CrossRef

Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (Vipassana) and meditation-based psychotherapy: the development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal for Meditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11–34.

Burg, J. & Michalak, J. (2010, October). Assessing mindfulness: is there an alternative to questionnaires? Talk given at the XL European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies Congress, Milan, Italy.

Cardaciotto, L., Herbert, J. D., Forman, E. M., Moitra, E., & Farrow, V. (2008). The assessment of present-moment awareness and acceptance: the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale. Assessment, 15, 204–223.PubMedCrossRef

Carlson, L. E., & Brown, K. W. (2005). Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness scale in a cancer population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 29–33.PubMedCrossRef

Carmody, J. (2009). Evolving conceptions of mindfulness in clinical settings. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 270–280.CrossRef

Carmody, J., Reed, G., Kristeller, J., Merriam, P. (2008). Mindfulness, spirituality, and health-related symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 393–403.

Carriere, J. S. A., Cheyene, J. A., & Smilek, D. (2008). Everyday attention lapses and memory failures: the affective consequences of mindlessness. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 835–847.PubMedCrossRef

Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: reliability and validity of the Southampton Mindfulness Questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 451–455.PubMedCrossRef

Christopher, M. S., Charoensuk, S., Gilbert, B. D., Neary, T. J., & Pearce, K. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Thailand and the United States: a case of apples versus oranges? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 590–612.PubMedCrossRef

Coffey, K. A., & Hartman, M. (2008). Mechanisms of action in the inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. Complementary Health Practice Review, 13, 79–91.

Collins, S. E., Chwala, N., Hsu, S. H., Grow, J., Otto, J. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2009). Language-based measures of mindfulness: initial validity and clinical utility. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 743–749.PubMedCrossRef

Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Hargus, E., Winder, R., & Amarasinghe, M. (2010). The relationship between mindfulness and conditional goal setting in depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 281–290.CrossRef

Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion, 10, 8–11.PubMedCrossRef

Davis, K. M., Lau, M. A., & Cairns, D. R. (2009). Development and preliminary validation of a trait version of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 185–197.CrossRef

Dobkin, P. L. (2008). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: what processes are at work? Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 14, 8–16.PubMedCrossRef

Feldman, G. C., Hayes, A. M., Kumar, S. M., Greeson, J. G., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: the development and initial validation of the cognitive and affective mindfulness scale-revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 177–190.CrossRef

Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2008). Letting go: mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 758–774.CrossRef

Frewen, P. A., Lundberg, E., MacKinley, J., & Wrath, A. (2011). Assessment of response to mindfulness meditation: mediation breath attention scores in association with subjective measures of state and trait mindfulness and difficulty letting-go of depressive cognition. Mindfulness, 2, 254–269.CrossRef

Goldstein, J. (2002). One dharma: the emerging western Buddhism. New York: Harper San Francisco.

Greco, L. A., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (camm). Psychological Assessment, 23, 606–614.PubMedCrossRef

Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 405–408.PubMedCrossRef

Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by “how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness” and other intractable problems for psychology's (re)invention of mindfulness. Psychological Assessment, 23, 1034–1040.PubMedCrossRef

Grossman, P., & van Dam, N. T. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12, 219–239.CrossRef

Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.PubMedCrossRef

Gunaratana, B. H. (2002). Mindfulness in plain English. Somerville: Wisdom.

Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 255–262.CrossRef

Höfling, V., Moosbrugger, H., Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Heidenreich, T. (2011). Mindfulness or mindlessness? A modified version of the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 59–64.CrossRef

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183.PubMedCrossRef

Johnson, N. (2007). Self report measures of mindfulness: a review of the literature. Thesis: Pacific University. Common Knowledge; Retrieved from http://commons.pacificu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1145&context=spp.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Dell.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156.CrossRef

Kohls, N., Sauer, S., & Walach, H. (2009). Facets of mindfulness—results of an online study investigating the Freiburg mindfulness inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 224–230.CrossRef

Korotitsch, W. J., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (1999). An overview of self-monitoring research in assessment and treatment. Psychological Assessment, 11, 415–425.CrossRef

Lau, M., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1445–1467.PubMedCrossRef

Leary, M. R., & Tate, E. B. (2007). The multi-faceted nature of mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 251–255.CrossRef

Leigh, J., Bowen, S., & Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Spirituality, mindfulness and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1335–1341.PubMedCrossRef

Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral therapy of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.

MacKillop, J., & Anderson, E. J. (2007). Further psychometric validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 289–293.CrossRef

Malinowski, P. (2008). Mindfulness as psychological dimension: concepts and applications. Irish Journal of Psychology, 29, 153–164.CrossRef

Marlatt, G. A., & Kristeller, J. L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment (pp. 67–84). Washington: APA.CrossRef

Michalak, J., Heidenreich, T., Meibert, P., & Schulte, D. (2008). Mindfulness predicts relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder following MBCT. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 630–633.PubMedCrossRef

Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.CrossRef

Rinpoche, S. M. (2005). Ruling your world: ancient strategies for modern life. New York: Morgan Road Books.

Robins, C. J. (2002). Zen principles and mindfulness practice in dialectical behavior therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 50–57.CrossRef

Rosch, E. (2007). More than mindfulness: when you have a tiger by the tail, let it eat you. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 258–264.CrossRef

Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010). A scale to measure nonattachment: a Buddhist complement to Western research on attachment and adaptive functioning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 116–127.PubMedCrossRef

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford.

Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.PubMedCrossRef

Shields, S. A., Mallory, M. E., & Simon, A. (1989). The body awareness questionnaire: reliability and validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 802–815.CrossRef

Shigaki, C. L., Glass, B., & Schopp, L. H. (2006). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in medical settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 13, 209–216.CrossRef

Smith, G. T., & McCarthy, D. M. (1995). Methodological considerations in the refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 300–308.CrossRef

Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., & Fister, S. M. (2003). Incremental validity principles in test construction. Psychological Assessment, 15, 467–477.PubMedCrossRef

Ströhle, G. (2006). Empirische Erfassung der Achtsamkeit. (Unpublished master’s thesis).Jena: Universität Jena.

Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 25–39.PubMedCrossRef

Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275–287.PubMedCrossRef

Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2007). Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: overlapping constructs or not? Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1875–1885.CrossRef

Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2010). Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder avoidance symptom severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 409–415.PubMedCrossRef

Van Dam, N., Earleywine, M., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2009). Differential item function across meditators and non-meditators on the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 516–521.CrossRef

Vujanovic, A. A., Youngwirth, N. E., Johnson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Mindfulness-based acceptance and posttraumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed adults without axis I psychopathology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 297–303.PubMedCrossRef

Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1543–1555.CrossRef

Walker, C. M. (2011). What’s the DIF? Why differential item functioning analyses are an important part of instrument development and validation. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 364–376.CrossRef

Williams, J. M. G. (2010). Mindfulness and psychological process. Emotion, 10, 1–7.PubMedCrossRef

Williams, M. J., McManus, F., Muse, K., & Williams, J. M. (2011). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis): an interpretative phenomenological analysis of patients’ experiences. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 379–397.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: The Assessment of Mindfulness with Self-Report Measures: Existing Scales and Open Issues
Auteurs: Claudia Bergomi
Wolfgang Tschacher
Zeno Kupper
Publicatiedatum: 01-09-2013
Uitgeverij: Springer US
Gepubliceerd in: Mindfulness / Uitgave 3/2013
Print ISSN: 1868-8527
Elektronisch ISSN: 1868-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0110-9

Andere artikelen Uitgave 3/2013

The Difficulty of Defining Mindfulness: Current Thought and Critical Issues

REVIEW

Promoting Altruism Through Meditation: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

ORIGINAL PAPER

History of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Is Associated with Increased Cognitive Reappraisal Ability

ORIGINAL PAPER

Airscape

ORTHOGONAL ROTATION IN CONSCIOUSNESS

Harald Walach, Stefan Schmidt, and Wayne B. Jonas: Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality New York: Springer, 298 pp

BOOK REVIEW

Forgiveness, Mindfulness, and Health

ORIGINAL PAPER