Introduction
Bullying-Related Roles
Teacher Interventions
Current Study
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Participation Rates and Missing Data
Student-Level Measures
Demographic information of students
Bullying-related student behavior
Wave 1 | Wave 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale | Range | M (SD) | Cronbach α | Range | M (SD) | Cronbach α |
Bullying-related student behavior | ||||||
Bullying (3 items) | 1.00–2.57 | 1.28 (0.28) | 0.889 | 1.00–2.54 | 1.29 (0.27) | 0.878 |
Victimization (3 items) | 1.00–2.27 | 1.19 (0.19 | 0.884 | 1.00–2.14 | 1.19 (0.19) | 0.856 |
Defending (3 items) | 1.00–2.36 | 1.47 (0.24) | 0.907 | 1.02–2.36 | 1.42 (0.24) | 0.933 |
Bullying-related teacher interventions | ||||||
Non-intervention (2 items) | 1.00–5.00 | 1.93 (0.96) | 0.779 | 1.00–5.00 | 2.05 (0.98) | 0.786 |
Disciplinary sanction (3 items) | 1.00–5.00 | 4.14 (0.82) | 0.736 | 1.00–5.00 | 4.13 (0.89) | 0.808 |
Group discussion (4 items) | 1.00–5.00 | 3.67 (1.01) | 0.858 | 1.00–5.00 | 3.60 (1.09) | 0.880 |
Mediation/victim support (9 items) | 1.00–5.00 | 3.90 (0.78) | 0.902 | 1.00–5.00 | 3.76 (0.88) | 0.924 |
Class-Level Measures
Demographic classroom composition
Bullying-role related classroom composition
Teacher bullying-related interventions
Plan of Analysis
Results
Teacher Interventions Against Bullying
Prevalence Rates of Bullying-Related Roles Separated by Gender and Wave
Differential Effects of Teacher Interventions on Bullying-Related Role Adoption
Student-level variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender (1 = female) | 1.000 | |||||||||
2. Ethnicity (1 = non-Czech) | 0.112** | 0.090 | ||||||||
3. T1: Bully | −0.252*** | −0.024 | 0.063 | |||||||
4. T1: Victim | −0.046 | 0.062 | −0.062*** | 0.047 | ||||||
5. T1: Bully-victim | −0.198*** | <0.001 | −0.085*** | −0.072*** | 0.082 | |||||
6. T1: Defender | 0.198*** | −0.014 | −0.110*** | −0.093*** | −0.129*** | 0.122 | ||||
7. T2: Bully | −0.219*** | −0.005 | 0.436*** | −0.015 | 0.166** | −0.099*** | 0.067 | |||
8. T2: Victim | −0.029 | 0.028 | −0.021 | 0.464*** | −0.016 | −0.067** | −0.068*** | 0.053 | ||
9. T2: Bully-victim | −0.165*** | −0.023 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.603*** | −0.110*** | −0.084*** | −0.073*** | 0.076 | |
10. T2: Defender | 0.196*** | 0.016 | −0.090*** | −0.013 | −0.089*** | 0.613*** | −0.093*** | −0.082*** | −0.100*** | 0.090 |
Class-level variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender (% female in class) | 2.101 | |||||||||||||
2. Ethnicity (% non-Czech in class) | −0.035 | 0.464 | ||||||||||||
3. T1: Bullies (% in class) | −0.327** | 0.167 | 0.472 | |||||||||||
4. T1: Victims (% in class) | 0.125 | 0.281 | 0.075 | 0.294 | ||||||||||
5. T1: Bully-victims (% in class) | −0.244 | 0.026 | −0.061 | 0.271 | 1.549 | |||||||||
6. T1: Defenders (% in class) | 0.370* | −0.079 | −0.182 | 0.089 | 0.020 | 3.950 | ||||||||
7. T1: Teachers: No intervention | 0.166 | 0.073 | −0.185 | 0.060 | −0.145 | −0.013 | 0.101 | |||||||
8. T1: Teachers: Disciplinary sanction | 0.036 | −0.144 | 0.197 | −0.064 | −0.131 | 0.206 | −0.602*** | 0.085 | ||||||
9. T1: Teachers: Group discussion | −0.223* | 0.057 | 0.275* | 0.129 | 0.016 | −0.001 | −0.413** | 0.495*** | 0.121 | |||||
10. T1: Teachers: Mediation/victim support | −0.080 | −0.030 | 0.200 | 0.184 | 0.172 | 0.325* | −0.678*** | 0.691*** | 0.605*** | 0.086 | ||||
11. Δ T2 − T1: No intervention | −0.173 | −0.257 | 0.180 | −0.161 | 0.117 | −0.098 | −0.256 | 0.070 | −0.129 | 0.129 | 0.062 | |||
12. Δ T2 − T1: Disciplinary sanction | 0.237 | 0.265 | −0.186 | 0.091 | 0.011 | −0.002 | 0.380* | −0.592*** | −0.017 | −0.461** | −0.339* | 0.083 | ||
13. Δ T2 − T1: Group discussion | 0.185 | 0.339* | −0.064 | 0.061 | −0.149 | −0.056 | 0.150 | −0.199 | −0.192 | −0.256* | −0.080 | 0.238 | 0.136 | |
14. Δ T2 − T1: Mediation/victim support | 0.182 | 0.096 | −0.197 | −0.221 | −0.271* | −0.157 | 0.164 | −0.274 | 0.052 | −0.401** | −0.315* | 0.517*** | 0.449*** | 0.047 |
Variable | T2: Bully vs. non-participant | T2 Victim vs. non-participant | T2 Bully-victim vs. non-participant | T2 Defender vs. non-participant | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | |
Student level | ||||||||||||||||
Gender (1 = female) | −0.578* | 0.227 | 0.011 | 0.56 | 0.060 | 0.229 | 0.793 | 1.06 | −0.289 | 0.216 | 0.181 | 0.75 | 0.524* | 0.225 | 0.020 | 1.69 |
Ethnicity (1 = non-Czech) | 0.329 | 0.629 | 0.601 | 1.39 | −0.112 | 0.606 | 0.853 | 0.89 | −0.264 | 0.683 | 0.699 | 0.77 | 0.546 | 0.586 | 0.352 | 1.73 |
Role (reference: non-participant) | ||||||||||||||||
- Bully | 3.578*** | 0.436 | <0.001 | 35.79 | 0.631 | 0.710 | 0.375 | 1.88 | 2.375*** | 0.573 | <0.001 | 10.76 | −6.906*** | 0.461 | <0.001 | 0.00 |
- Victim | 2.306** | 0.815 | 0.005 | 10.03 | 4.681*** | 0.637 | <0.001 | 107.91 | 3.443*** | 0.984 | <0.001 | 31.28 | 3.662*** | 0.931 | <0.001 | 38.95 |
- Bully-victim | 4.048*** | 0.629 | <0.001 | 57.29 | 2.604*** | 0.703 | <0.001 | 13.52 | 4.942*** | 0.817 | <0.001 | 140.06 | 2.045 | 1.114 | 0.066 | 7.73 |
- Defender | −0.287 | 1.281 | 0.822 | 0.75 | −0.586 | 0.903 | 0.517 | 0.56 | −1.088 | 1.039 | 0.295 | 0.34 | 3.069*** | 0.435 | <0.001 | 21.52 |
CLASS LEVEL | ||||||||||||||||
Gender (% female) | −0.372* | 0.184 | 0.043 | 0.69 | −0.035 | 0.198 | 0.859 | 0.97 | 0.039 | 0.249 | 0.875 | 1.04 | 0.176 | 0.190 | 0.352 | 1.19 |
Ethnicity (% non-Czech) | −0.362 | 0.369 | 0.326 | 0.70 | 0.041 | 0.307 | 0.894 | 1.04 | −0.429 | 0.436 | 0.326 | 0.65 | −0.011 | 0.401 | 0.977 | 0.99 |
Class role percentage (T1) | ||||||||||||||||
- Bullies (%) | 0.356 | 0.311 | 0.252 | 1.43 | 1.248*** | 0.350 | <0.001 | 3.48 | 1.124** | 0.403 | 0.005 | 3.08 | 0.988** | 0.379 | 0.009 | 2.69 |
- Victims (%) | −0.084 | 0.413 | 0.839 | 0.92 | 0.213 | 0.539 | 0.693 | 1.24 | 0.659 | 0.584 | 0.259 | 1.93 | −1.739** | 0.615 | 0.005 | 0.18 |
- Bully-victims (%) | −0.082 | 0.173 | 0.636 | 0.92 | 0.461** | 0.150 | 0.002 | 1.59 | 0.466* | 0.228 | 0.040 | 1.59 | 0.613*** | 0.171 | <0.001 | 1.85 |
- Defenders (%) | −0.156 | 0.179 | 0.383 | 0.86 | −0.228 | 0.254 | 0.368 | 0.80 | 0.464* | 0.185 | 0.012 | 1.59 | 0.134 | 0.273 | 0.623 | 1.14 |
Teacher interventions (T1) | ||||||||||||||||
- Non-intervention | 1.799 | 1.045 | 0.085 | 6.04 | −1.172 | 0.621 | 0.059 | 0.31 | −2.131 | 1.319 | 0.106 | 0.12 | 0.133 | 1.153 | 0.908 | 1.14 |
- Disciplinary sanction | −2.904** | 1.095 | 0.008 | 0.05 | −2.874* | 1.313 | 0.029 | 0.06 | −2.132 | 1.621 | 0.188 | 0.12 | −2.400 | 1.740 | 0.168 | 0.09 |
- Group discussion | −0.520 | 0.720 | 0.470 | 0.59 | −0.758 | 0.883 | 0.391 | 0.47 | 0.190 | 1.098 | 0.863 | 1.21 | 2.523* | 1.171 | 0.031 | 12.47 |
- Mediation/victim support | 4.094** | 1.321 | 0.002 | 59.98 | 1.018 | 1.497 | 0.497 | 2.77 | −1.520 | 2.038 | 0.456 | 0.22 | −0.762 | 1.769 | 0.667 | 0.47 |
Intercept | −3.974*** | 0.328 | <0.001 | 0.02 | −3.561*** | 0.394 | <0.001 | 0.03 | −4.201*** | 0.480 | <0.001 | 0.01 | −4.119*** | 0.509 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
Residual variance | 0.133 | 0.257 | 0.604 | – | 0.333 | 0.436 | 0.445 | – | 0.705* | 0.345 | 0.041 | – | 1.926* | 0.864 | 0.026 | – |
Intraclass correlation (ICC) | 0.039 | 0.072 | 0.589 | – | 0.092 | 0.109 | 0.401 | – | 0.176* | 0.071 | 0.013 | – | 0.369*** | 0.104 | <0.001 | – |
Variable | T2: Bully vs. non-participant | T2 Victim vs. non-participant | T2 Bully-victim vs. non-participant | T2 Defender vs. non-participant | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | Est | SE | p | OR | |
Student level | ||||||||||||||||
Gender (1 = female) | −0.557** | 0.195 | 0.004 | 0.57 | 0.098 | 0.232 | 0.674 | 1.10 | −0.285 | 0.217 | 0.188 | 0.75 | 0.585* | 0.250 | 0.019 | 1.80 |
Ethnicity (1 = non-Czech) | 0.314 | 0.580 | 0.589 | 1.37 | −0.400 | 0.770 | 0.603 | 0.67 | −0.334 | 0.725 | 0.645 | 0.72 | 0.460 | 0.606 | 0.448 | 1.58 |
Role (reference: non-participant) | ||||||||||||||||
- Bully | 3.308*** | 0.451 | <0.001 | 27.34 | 0.437 | 0.797 | 0.583 | 1.55 | 2.338*** | 0.533 | <0.001 | 10.36 | −6.505*** | 0.542 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
- Victim | 1.972* | 0.800 | 0.014 | 7.18 | 4.707*** | 0.601 | <0.001 | 110.67 | 3.285*** | 0.934 | <0.001 | 26.71 | 3.535*** | 0.837 | <0.001 | 34.30 |
- Bully-victim | 3.788*** | 0.588 | <0.001 | 44.17 | 2.449*** | 0.700 | <0.001 | 11.57 | 4.891*** | 0.789 | <0.001 | 133.10 | 2.151 | 1.150 | 0.061 | 8.60 |
- Defender | −0.363 | 1.257 | 0.773 | 0.70 | −0.780 | 0.997 | 0.434 | 0.46 | −0.905 | 1.007 | 0.369 | 0.41 | 3.317*** | 0.374 | <0.001 | 27.59 |
CLASS LEVEL | ||||||||||||||||
Gender (% female) | −0.282 | 0.187 | 0.132 | 0.75 | −0.075 | 0.245 | 0.759 | 0.93 | 0.085 | 0.199 | 0.668 | 1.09 | −0.060 | 0.200 | 0.763 | 0.94 |
Ethnicity (% non-Czech) | −0.304 | 0.444 | 0.494 | 0.74 | 0.308 | 0.353 | 0.383 | 1.36 | −0.431 | 0.468 | 0.358 | 0.65 | −0.456 | 0.399 | 0.253 | 0.63 |
Class role percentage (T1) | ||||||||||||||||
- Bullies (%) | 0.532 | 0.355 | 0.134 | 1.70 | 0.838* | 0.353 | 0.018 | 2.31 | 1.105* | 0.459 | 0.016 | 3.02 | 1.383** | 0.463 | 0.003 | 3.99 |
- Victims (%) | 0.634 | 0.543 | 0.243 | 1.89 | −0.055 | 0.497 | 0.912 | 0.95 | 0.322 | 0.460 | 0.484 | 1.38 | −1.169* | 0.559 | 0.036 | 0.31 |
- Bully-victims (%) | 0.186 | 0.149 | 0.213 | 1.20 | 0.410** | 0.145 | 0.005 | 1.51 | 0.513** | 0.198 | 0.010 | 1.67 | 0.630*** | 0.131 | <0.001 | 1.88 |
- Defenders (%) | −0.047 | 0.178 | 0.790 | 0.95 | −0.022 | 0.255 | 0.932 | 0.98 | 0.668*** | 0.167 | <0.001 | 1.95 | 0.289 | 0.303 | 0.340 | 1.34 |
Δ Teacher interventions (T2 − T1) | ||||||||||||||||
- Δ Non-intervention | −1.163 | 1.279 | 0.363 | 0.31 | 2.388* | 1.144 | 0.037 | 10.89 | −1.245 | 1.252 | 0.320 | 0.29 | −2.269* | 1.027 | 0.027 | 0.10 |
- Δ Disciplinary sanction | −0.062 | 1.091 | 0.954 | 0.94 | 1.545 | 1.096 | 0.159 | 4.69 | −1.424 | 0.919 | 0.121 | 0.24 | −1.253 | 1.834 | 0.495 | 0.29 |
- Δ Group discussion | −0.171 | 0.610 | 0.779 | 0.84 | 0.345 | 0.734 | 0.638 | 1.41 | 1.560 | 0.813 | 0.055 | 4.76 | 1.546* | 0.688 | 0.025 | 4.69 |
- Δ Mediation/victim support | 0.449 | 1.342 | 0.738 | 1.57 | 0.116 | 1.144 | 0.919 | 1.12 | 0.642 | 1.586 | 0.686 | 1.90 | 2.302 | 2.190 | 0.293 | 9.99 |
Intercept | −4.015*** | 0.433 | <0.001 | 0.02 | −3.619*** | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.03 | −4.462*** | 0.54 | <0.001 | 0.01 | −4.622*** | 0.515 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Residual variance | 0.503 | 0.396 | 0.204 | – | 0.266 | 0.341 | 0.435 | – | 0.577 | 0.441 | 0.191 | – | 1.016* | 0.483 | 0.036 | – |
Intraclass correlation (ICC) | 0.133 | 0.091 | 0.143 | – | 0.075 | 0.089 | 0.399 | – | 0.149 | 0.097 | 0.124 | – | 0.236** | 0.086 | 0.006 | – |