Top

Gepubliceerd in:

13-10-2017 | Original Article

Task intentions and their implementation into actions: cognitive control from adolescence to middle adulthood

Auteurs: Edita Poljac, Rianne Haartsen, Renske van der Cruijsen, Andrea Kiesel, Ervin Poljac

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2018

Abstract

Cognitive control processes involved in human multitasking arise, mature, and decline across age. This study investigated how age modulates cognitive control at two different levels: the level of task intentions and the level of the implementation of intentions into the corresponding actions. We were particularly interested in specifying maturation of voluntary task choice (intentions) and task-switching execution (their implementations) between adolescence and middle adulthood. Seventy-four participants were assigned to one of the four age groups (adolescents, 12–17 years; emerging adults, 18–22 years; young adults, 23–27 years; middle-aged adults, 28–56 years). Participants chose between two simple cognitive tasks at the beginning of each trial before pressing a spacebar to indicate that the task choice was made. Next, a stimulus was presented in one of the three adjacent boxes, with participants identifying either the location or the shape of the stimulus, depending on their task choice. This voluntary task-switching paradigm allowed us to investigate the intentional component (task choice) separately from its implementation (task execution). Although all participants showed a tendency to repeat tasks more often than switching between them, this repetition bias was significantly stronger in adolescents than in any adult group. Furthermore, participants generally responded slower after task switches than after task repetitions. This switch cost was similar across tasks in the two younger groups but larger for the shape than the location task in the two older groups. Together, our results demonstrate that both task intentions and their implementation into actions differ across age in quite specific ways.

vorige artikel Movement timing and cognitive control: adult-age differences in multi-tasking

volgende artikel Transfer of time-based task expectancy across different timing environments

Cognitive tasks can differ in their relative strength due to various factors, such as task difficulty, familiarity, and the amount of practice. A stronger task of a pair is the one that participants find easier to execute, because it is less difficult, more familiar, or more practiced. In the remainder of this paper, we used the terms easier and harder to refer to the stronger and the weaker task, respectively.

The differences in labelling reflect differences in research traditions: While the term mixing costs is mostly used within the research field of cognitive psychology, the term global costs is more common within the developmental and aging research fields. Please note that the two are not always measured in the same way. Mixing costs are typically measured as a difference in task repetition performance when comparing single tasks blocks with mixed task blocks, whereas global costs are mainly measured as a difference in performance between single task blocks and mixed task blocks, including the switch trials in the latter.

This observation of age differentiation for percentages of task repetitions was confirmed when using Age as continuous variable: Spearman’s rank-order correlation reveled that percentages of task repetitions had a tendency to decrease with age (r _s = −.22, p = .056).

When correcting for possible baseline differences between the groups by applying the logarithmic transformation of the RT data, which is a data correction method often used in studies on aging (cf. Kray & Lindenberger, 2000; Mayr, 2001), we observed that the three-way interaction between Task, Transition, and Age became marginally significant, with F(3,70) = 2.39; p = .076.

The observations of age-related changes in switch costs and switch cost asymmetry was confirmed when using age as continuous variable: Spearman’s rank-order correlation reveled that while switch costs were stable across age (r _s = .10, p = .376), switch cost asymmetry declined with age (r _s = −.26, p = .023).

Allport, A., Styles, E. A., & Hsieh, S. L. (1994). Shifting intentional set: Exploring the dynamic control of tasks. In C. Umilta & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and performance XV: Conscious and unconscious information processing (pp. 421–452). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Arbuthnott, K. D. (2008). Asymmetric switch cost and backward inhibition: Carryover activation and inhibition in switching between tasks of unequal difficulty. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(2), 91–100. doi:10.1037/1196-1961.62.2.91.CrossRefPubMed

Arrington, C. M., & Logan, G. D. (2004). The cost of a voluntary task switch. Psychological Science, 15(9), 610–615. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00728.x.CrossRefPubMed

Arrington, C. M., & Logan, G. D. (2005). Voluntary task switching: Chasing the elusive homunculus. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(4), 683–702. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.4.683.CrossRefPubMed

Arrington, C. M., Weaver, S. M., & Pauker, R. L. (2010). Stimulus-based priming of task choice during voluntary task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(4), 1060–1067. doi:10.1037/a0019646.CrossRefPubMed

Arrington, C. M., & Yates, M. M. (2009). The role of attentional networks in voluntary task switching. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(4), 660–665. doi:10.3758/pbr.16.4.660.CrossRefPubMed

Barutchu, A., Becker, S. I., Carter, O., Hester, R., & Levy, N. L. (2013). The role of task-related learned representations in explaining asymmetries in task switching. PLoS One, 8(4), e61729. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061729.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bryck, R. L., & Mayr, U. (2008). Task selection cost asymmetry without task switching. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 15(1), 128–134. doi:10.3758/Pbr.15.1.128.CrossRefPubMed

Butler, K. M., Arrington, C. M., & Weywadt, C. (2011). Working memory capacity modulates task performance but has little influence on task choice. Memory and Cognition, 39(4), 708–724. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0055-y.CrossRefPubMed

Butler, K. M., & Weywadt, C. (2013). Age differences in voluntary task switching. Psychology and Aging, 28(4), 1024–1031. doi:10.1037/a0034937.CrossRefPubMed

Butler, K. M., & Zacks, R. T. (2006). Age deficits in the control of prepotent responses: Evidence for an inhibitory decline. Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 638–643. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.638.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cepeda, N. J., Kramer, A. F., & de Sather, J. C. M. G. (2001). Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance. Developmental Psychology, 37(5), 715–730. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.5.715.CrossRefPubMed

Clapp, W. C., & Gazzaley, A. (2012). Distinct mechanisms for the impact of distraction and interruption on working memory in aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 33(1), 134–148. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.012.CrossRefPubMed

Clapp, W. C., Rubens, M. T., Sabharwal, J., & Gazzaley, A. (2011). Deficit in switching between functional brain networks underlies the impact of multitasking on working memory in older adults. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(17), 7212–7217. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015297108.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cohen, A. O., Breiner, K., Steinberg, L., Bonnie, R. J., Scott, E. S., Taylor-Thompson, K., & Casey, B. J. (2016). When Is an adolescent an adult? Assessing cognitive control in emotional and nonemotional contexts. Psychological Science, 27(4), 549–562. doi:10.1177/0956797615627625.CrossRefPubMed

Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilingual speech production: Evidence from language switching in highly proficient bilinguals and L2 learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(4), 491–511. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.02.002.CrossRef

Cragg, L., & Chevalier, N. (2012). The processes underlying flexibility in childhood. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 209–232. doi:10.1080/17470210903204618.CrossRefPubMed

Craik, F. I. M., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: Mechanisms of change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.007.CrossRefPubMed

Crone, E. A., Wendelken, C., Donohue, S., van Leijenhorst, L., & Bunge, S. A. (2006). Neurocognitive development of the ability to manipulate information in working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(24), 9315–9320. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510088103.CrossRef

De Jong, R. (1995). Strategical determinants of compatibility effects with task uncertainty. Acta Psychologica, 88(3), 187–207. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(94)E0067-P.CrossRef

Demanet, J., Verbruggen, F., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2010). Voluntary task switching under load: Contribution of top-down and bottom-up factors in goal-directed behavior. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(3), 387–393. doi:10.3758/Pbr.17.3.387.CrossRef

Dibbets, P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The Switch Task for Children: Measuring mental flexibility in young children. Cognitive Development, 21(1), 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2005.09.004.CrossRef

Eich, T. S., MacKay-Brandt, A., Stern, Y., & Gopher, D. (2016). Age-based differences in task switching are moderated by executive control demands. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw117.

Ellefson, M. R., Shapiro, L. R., & Chater, N. (2006). Asymmetrical switch costs in children. Cognitive Development, 21(2), 108–130. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.01.002.CrossRef

Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J. I., & Posner, M. I. (2005). The activation of attentional networks. NeuroImage, 26(2), 471–479. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.004.CrossRefPubMed

Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146.CrossRefPubMed

Fischer, R., & Plessow, F. (2015). Efficient multitasking: Parallel versus serial processing of multiple tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1366. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01366.PubMedPubMedCentral

Forstmann, B. U., Brass, M., Koch, I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2006). Voluntary selection of task sets revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(3), 388–398. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.3.388.CrossRefPubMed

Gilbert, S. J., & Shallice, T. (2002). Task switching: A PDP model. Cognitive Psychology, 44(3), 297–337. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0770.CrossRefPubMed

Gollan, T. H., & Ferreira, V. S. (2009). Should I stay or should I switch? A cost–benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(3), 640–665. doi:10.1037/a0014981.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goschke, T., & Dreisbach, G. (2008). Conflict-triggered goal shielding: Response conflicts attenuate background monitoring for prospective memory cues. Psychological Science, 19(1), 25–32. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02042.x.CrossRefPubMed

Gross, M., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2015). Voluntary language switching in English-Spanish bilingual children. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(8), 992–1013. doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1074242.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hoffmann, J., Kiesel, A., & Sebald, A. (2003). Task switches under Go/NoGo conditions and the decomposition of switch costs. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 15(1), 101–128. doi:10.1080/09541440303602.CrossRef

Hübner, M., Kluwe, R. H., Luna-Rodriguez, A., & Peters, A. (2004). Response selection difficulty and asymmetrical costs of switching between tasks and stimuli: No evidence for an exogenous component of task-set reconfiguration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30(6), 1043–1063. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.6.1043.PubMed

Jost, K., Hennecke, V., & Koch, I. (2017). Task dominance determines backward inhibition in task switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 755. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00755.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kiesel, A., Steinhauser, M., Wendt, M., Falkenstein, M., Jost, K., Philipp, A. M., & Koch, I. (2010). Control and interference in task switching—a review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 849–874. doi:10.1037/A0019842.CrossRefPubMed

Kievit, R. A., Davis, S. W., Mitchell, D. J., Taylor, J. R., Duncan, J., & Henson, R. N. A. (2014). Distinct aspects of frontal lobe structure mediate age-related differences in fluid intelligence and multitasking. Nature Communications, 5, 5658. doi:10.1038/ncomms6658.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Koch, I. (2001). Automatic and intentional activation of task sets. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27(6), 1474–1486. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.6.1474.CrossRefPubMed

Koch, I., & Allport, A. (2006). Cue-based preparation and stimulus-based priming of tasks in task switching. Memory and Cognition, 34(2), 433–444. doi:10.3758/bf03193420.CrossRefPubMed

Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. M. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(1), 1–14. doi:10.3758/pbr.17.1.1.CrossRefPubMed

Kool, W., McGuire, J. T., Rosen, Z. B., & Botvinick, M. M. (2010). Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(4), 665–682. doi:10.1037/a0020198.CrossRef

Kray, J. (2006). Task-set switching under cue-based versus memory-based switching conditions in younger and older adults. Brain Research, 1105(1), 83–92. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.016.CrossRefPubMed

Kray, J., Eber, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2004). Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation. Acta Psychologica, 115(2–3), 143–165. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

Kray, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2000). Adult age differences in task switching. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 126–147. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.126.CrossRefPubMed

Lawo, V., Philipp, A. M., Schuch, S., & Koch, I. (2012). The role of task preparation and task inhibition in age-related task-switching deficits. Psychology and Aging, 27(4), 1130–1137. doi:10.1037/a0027455.CrossRefPubMed

Liefooghe, B., Demanet, J., & Vandierendonck, A. (2009). Is advance reconfiguration in voluntary task switching affected by the design employed? The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(5), 850–857. doi:10.1080/17470210802570994.CrossRefPubMed

Liefooghe, B., Demanet, J., & Vandierendonck, A. (2010). Persisting activation in voluntary task switching: It all depends on the instructions. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 17(3), 381–386. doi:10.3758/Pbr.17.3.381.CrossRefPubMed

Lucenet, J., Blaye, A., Chevalier, N., & Kray, J. (2014). Cognitive control and language across the life span: Does labeling improve reactive control? Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1620–1627. doi:10.1037/a0035867.CrossRefPubMed

Manzi, A., Nessler, D., Czernochowski, D., & Friedman, D. (2011). The development of anticipatory cognitive control processes in task-switching: An ERP study in children, adolescents and young adults. Psychophysiology, 48(9), 1258–1275. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01192.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mayr, U. (2001). Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Aging, 16(1), 96–109. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.96.CrossRefPubMed

Mayr, U., & Bell, T. (2006). On how to be unpredictable: Evidence from the voluntary task-switching paradigm. Psychological Science, 17(9), 774–780. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01781.x.CrossRefPubMed

Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129(1), 4–26. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.1.4.CrossRef

Meiran, N. (1996). Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(6), 1423–1442. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1423.CrossRef

Meiran, N., Gotler, A., & Perlman, A. (2001). Old age is associated with a pattern of relatively intact and relatively impaired task-set switching abilities. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56(2), 88–102. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.2.P88.CrossRef

Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(1), 25–40. doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2602.CrossRef

Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167–202. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167.CrossRefPubMed

Millington, R. S., Poljac, E., & Yeung, N. (2013). Between-task competition for intentions and actions. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(8), 1504–1516. doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.746381.CrossRefPubMed

Mittelstädt, V., Dignath, D., Schmidt-Ott, M., & Kiesel, A. (2017). Exploring the repetition bias in voluntary task switching. Psychological Research. doi:10.1007/s00426-017-0911-5.PubMed

Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134–140. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00028-7.CrossRefPubMed

Monsell, S., Yeung, N., & Azuma, R. (2000). Reconfiguration of task-set: Is it easier to switch to the weaker task? Psychological Research, 63(3), 250–264. doi:10.1007/s004269900005.CrossRefPubMed

Park, D. C., & Festini, S. B. (2017). Theories of memory and aging: A look at the past and a glimpse of the future. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(1), 82–90. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw066.CrossRef

Philipp, A. M., Gade, M., & Koch, I. (2007). Inhibitory processes in language switching: Evidence from switching language-defined response sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 395–416. doi:10.1080/09541440600758812.CrossRef

Poljac, E., & Bekkering, H. (2009). Generic cognitive adaptations to task interference in task switching. Acta Psychologica, 132(3), 279–285.CrossRefPubMed

Poljac, E., Haan, A., & Galen, G. P. (2006). Current task activation predicts general effects of advance preparation in task switching. Experimental Psychology, 53(4), 260–267. doi:10.1027/1618-3169.53.4.260.CrossRefPubMed

Poljac, E., Koch, I., & Bekkering, H. (2009). Dissociating restart cost and mixing cost in task switching. Psychological Research, 73(3), 407–416. doi:10.1007/s00426-008-0151-9.CrossRefPubMed

Poljac, E., Poljac, E., & Yeung, N. (2012). Cognitive control of intentions for voluntary actions in individuals with a high level of autistic traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2523–2533. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1509-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Poljac, E., & Yeung, N. (2014). Dissociable neural correlates of intention and action preparation in voluntary task switching. Cerebral Cortex, 24(2), 465–478. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs326.CrossRefPubMed

Reimers, S., & Maylor, E. A. (2005). Task switching across the fife span: Effects of age on general and specific switch costs. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 661–671. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.661.CrossRefPubMed

Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995). Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124(2), 207–231.CrossRef

Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2013). Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLoS One, 8(1), e54402. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schel, M. A., Scheres, A., & Crone, E. A. (2014). New perspectives on self-control development: Highlighting the role of intentional inhibition. Neuropsychologia, 65, 236–246. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.022.CrossRefPubMed

Schneider, D. W., & Anderson, J. R. (2010). Asymmetric switch costs as sequential difficulty effects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(10), 1873–1894. doi:10.1080/17470211003624010.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schuch, S. (2016). Task inhibition and response inhibition in older vs. younger adults: A diffusion model analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1722. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01722.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schuch, S., & Konrad, K. (2017). Investigating task inhibition in children versus adults: A diffusion model analysis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 156, 143–167. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.012.CrossRefPubMed

Terry, C. P., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2012). Aging and random task switching: The role of endogenous versus exogenous task selection. Experimental Aging Research, 38(1), 87–109. doi:10.1080/0361073x.2012.637008.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Vandierendonck, A., Demanet, J., Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F. (2012). A chain-retrieval model for voluntary task switching. Cognitive Psychology, 65(2), 241–283. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.04.003.CrossRefPubMed

Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2002). Aging, executive control, and attention: A review of meta-analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(7), 849–857. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00071-4.CrossRefPubMed

Wasylyshyn, C., Verhaeghen, P., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2011). Aging and task switching: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 15–20. doi:10.1037/a0020912.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Waszak, F., Hommel, B., & Allport, A. (2005). Interaction of task readiness and automatic retrieval in task switching: Negative priming and competitor priming. Memory and Cognition, 33(4), 595–610. doi:10.3758/bf03195327.CrossRefPubMed

Wolff, N., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2016). Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for increased cognitive flexibility in late childhood. Scientific Reports. doi:10.1038/srep28954.

Yeung, N. (2010). Bottom-up influences on voluntary task switching: The elusive homunculus escapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(2), 348–362. doi:10.1037/a0017894.CrossRefPubMed

Yeung, N., & Monsell, S. (2003a). The effects of recent practice on task switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfomance, 29(5), 919–936. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.5.919.

Yeung, N., & Monsell, S. (2003b). Switching between tasks of unequal familiarity: The role of stimulus-attribute and response-set selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(2), 455–469. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.2.455.PubMed

Zanolie, K., & Crone, E. A. (2017). Development of cognitive control across childhood and adolescence. In J. Wixted (Ed.), The Stevens’ handbook of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience (Vol. 3). New York: Wiley. (in press).

Zanto, T. P., & Gazzaley, A. (2013). Fronto-parietal network: Flexible hub of cognitive control. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(12), 602–603. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.10.001.CrossRefPubMed

Zelazo, P. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Booth, L. (2004). Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychologica, 115(2–3), 167–183. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.005.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Task intentions and their implementation into actions: cognitive control from adolescence to middle adulthood
Auteurs: Edita Poljac
Rianne Haartsen
Renske van der Cruijsen
Andrea Kiesel
Ervin Poljac
Publicatiedatum: 13-10-2017
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2018
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0927-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2018

New perspectives on human multitasking

Action control in task switching: do action effects modulate N − 2 repetition costs in task switching?

“Optimal suppression” as a solution to the paradoxical cost of multitasking: examination of suppression specificity in task switching

Emerging features of modality mappings in task switching: modality compatibility requires variability at the level of both stimulus and response modality

Shifting the set of stimulus selection when switching between tasks

Flexibility of individual multitasking strategies in task-switching with preview: are preferences for serial versus overlapping task processing dependent on between-task conflict?