Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 11/2020

25-07-2020

Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children in Chinese Adolescents

Auteurs: Yixing Liu, Jie Zhong

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 11/2020

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

The present research introduced the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children (PSWQ-C) to China and evaluated its structure and psychometric properties in Chinese adolescent samples. The PSWQ-C is a 14-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the generality, excessiveness, and uncontrollability aspects of pathological worries in children and adolescents. Factor analysis results suggested that the three reverse-scored items represented one or more unknown factors rather than worry; thus, they were discarded and the remaining 11 positively worded items formed the Chinese version of the PSWQ-C (CH-PSWQ-C). The CH-PSWQ-C was found to have acceptable internal consistency reliability and favorable convergent and divergent validity by examining its correlations with measures of anxiety, depression, and some personality characteristics. To illustrate the utility of the CH-PSWQ-C in Chinese adolescent samples, we used the CH-PSWQ-C to explore the moderating effect of neuroticism on the relationship between earthquake experiences and worry; the results suggested that adolescents with high neuroticism were more vulnerable to worry after experiencing serious disasters.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 94–107.PubMed Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005). Effect size and power in assessing moderating effects of categorical variables using multiple regression: A 30-year review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 94–107.PubMed
go back to reference Andrews, V. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1988). The differential effects of inductions of worry, somatic anxiety, and depression on emotional experience. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19(1), 21–26.PubMed Andrews, V. H., & Borkovec, T. D. (1988). The differential effects of inductions of worry, somatic anxiety, and depression on emotional experience. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19(1), 21–26.PubMed
go back to reference Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 603–618. Barnes, L. L. B., Harp, D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(4), 603–618.
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100.
go back to reference Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. Bentler, P. M., & Bonnet, D. C. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
go back to reference Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(1), 33–37.PubMed Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30(1), 33–37.PubMed
go back to reference Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State worry questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1411–1426.PubMed Brown, T. A. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State worry questionnaire: Multiple factors or method effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1411–1426.PubMed
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (p. 5–33). John Wiley & Sons. Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Wiley series in clinical psychology. Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (p. 5–33). John Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. W. E. L. Y. N. (2004).Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice, 2004. Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. W. E. L. Y. N. (2004).Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice, 2004.
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561–576. Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(6), 561–576.
go back to reference Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16.PubMed Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16.PubMed
go back to reference Caes, L., Fisher, E., Clinch, J., Tobias, J. H., & Eccleston, C. (2016). The development of worry throughout childhood: Avon longitudinal study of parents and children data. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 389–406.PubMed Caes, L., Fisher, E., Clinch, J., Tobias, J. H., & Eccleston, C. (2016). The development of worry throughout childhood: Avon longitudinal study of parents and children data. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 389–406.PubMed
go back to reference Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., Miller Jr., O., Suchday, S., Lewis, E. L., & Freedman, R. E. (2005). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Penn State worry questionnaire: Differences between African-American and white-American college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(8), 827–843.PubMed Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., Miller Jr., O., Suchday, S., Lewis, E. L., & Freedman, R. E. (2005). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Penn State worry questionnaire: Differences between African-American and white-American college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(8), 827–843.PubMed
go back to reference Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2003). Pathological worry in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 533–546.PubMed Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2003). Pathological worry in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 533–546.PubMed
go back to reference Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
go back to reference Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504.
go back to reference Chen, Z., Wu, G., & Peng, K. (1985). Extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism of some school-age children in Beijing. Acta Psychological Sinica, 17(3), 250–256. Chen, Z., Wu, G., & Peng, K. (1985). Extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism of some school-age children in Beijing. Acta Psychological Sinica, 17(3), 250–256.
go back to reference Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 569–581.PubMed Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 569–581.PubMed
go back to reference CPS (Chinese Psychological Society). (2007). Code of ethics for counseling and clinical practice of Chinese psychological society. Acta Psychological Sinica, 39(5), 947–950 (in Chinese). CPS (Chinese Psychological Society). (2007). Code of ethics for counseling and clinical practice of Chinese psychological society. Acta Psychological Sinica, 39(5), 947–950 (in Chinese).
go back to reference Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334. Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
go back to reference Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412.PubMed Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412.PubMed
go back to reference Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2009). Cross-cultural research methods (2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2009). Cross-cultural research methods (2nd ed.). AltaMira Press.
go back to reference Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire (junior and adult). Hodder and Stoughton. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire (junior and adult). Hodder and Stoughton.
go back to reference Francis, R., Hawes, D. J., Abbott, M. J., & Costa, D. S. J. (2018). Cognitive mechanisms for worry in early adolescence: Re-examining the role of high verbal intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 179–184. Francis, R., Hawes, D. J., Abbott, M. J., & Costa, D. S. J. (2018). Cognitive mechanisms for worry in early adolescence: Re-examining the role of high verbal intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 179–184.
go back to reference Fu, J. B. (1997). Using confirmatory factor analyses to test the construct of stat-trait anxiety inventory. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 11, 216–217. Fu, J. B. (1997). Using confirmatory factor analyses to test the construct of stat-trait anxiety inventory. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 11, 216–217.
go back to reference Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2017). Generalized anxiety disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122.PubMed Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2017). Generalized anxiety disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 107–122.PubMed
go back to reference Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Laberge, M., & Lemay, D. (2007). Cognitive variables related to worry among adolescents: Avoidance strategies and faulty beliefs about worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 225–233.PubMed Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Laberge, M., & Lemay, D. (2007). Cognitive variables related to worry among adolescents: Avoidance strategies and faulty beliefs about worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 225–233.PubMed
go back to reference Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2012). A cognitive model of pathological worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 636–646.PubMedPubMedCentral Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2012). A cognitive model of pathological worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 636–646.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Hong, X., Li, J., Liang, Y., Wang, Z., & Xu, P. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Children’s depression inventory. Chinese Journal of School Health, 33(10), 1182–1185. Hong, X., Li, J., Liang, Y., Wang, Z., & Xu, P. (2012). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Children’s depression inventory. Chinese Journal of School Health, 33(10), 1182–1185.
go back to reference Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.
go back to reference Huang, C., & Dong, N. (2014). Dimensionality of the Children's depression inventory: Meta-analysis of pattern matrices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1182–1192. Huang, C., & Dong, N. (2014). Dimensionality of the Children's depression inventory: Meta-analysis of pattern matrices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1182–1192.
go back to reference IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
go back to reference Kim, H. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54. Kim, H. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52–54.
go back to reference Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
go back to reference Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children’s depression inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems. Kovacs, M. (1992). The Children’s depression inventory (CDI) manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
go back to reference Lawrence, J. W., & Fauerbach, J. A. (2003). Personality, coping, chronic stress, social support and PTSD symptoms among adult burn survivors: A path analysis. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 24(1), 63–72. Lawrence, J. W., & Fauerbach, J. A. (2003). Personality, coping, chronic stress, social support and PTSD symptoms among adult burn survivors: A path analysis. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, 24(1), 63–72.
go back to reference Liu, Z., Li, X., & Ge, X. (2009). Left too early: The effects of age at separation from parents on Chinese rural children’s symptoms of anxiety and depression. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2049–2054.PubMedPubMedCentral Liu, Z., Li, X., & Ge, X. (2009). Left too early: The effects of age at separation from parents on Chinese rural children’s symptoms of anxiety and depression. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2049–2054.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Marsh, H. W. (1996). Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 810–819.PubMed Marsh, H. W. (1996). Positive and negative global self-esteem: A substantively meaningful distinction or artifactors? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(4), 810–819.PubMed
go back to reference McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Meloni, F., & Gana, K. (2001). Wording effects in the Italian version of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 8(4), 282–287. Meloni, F., & Gana, K. (2001). Wording effects in the Italian version of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 8(4), 282–287.
go back to reference Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495.PubMed Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the penn state worry questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Gobel, M. (2001). Reliability, validity, and normative data of the Penn State worry questionnaire in 8–12-yr-old children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32(2), 63–72.PubMed Muris, P., Meesters, C., & Gobel, M. (2001). Reliability, validity, and normative data of the Penn State worry questionnaire in 8–12-yr-old children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 32(2), 63–72.PubMed
go back to reference Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Rassin, E., Franken, I., & Mayer, B. (2005). Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1105–1111. Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Rassin, E., Franken, I., & Mayer, B. (2005). Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1105–1111.
go back to reference Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). MPlus: Statistical analysis with latent variables--User's guide. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). MPlus: Statistical analysis with latent variables--User's guide.
go back to reference Newman, M. G., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2017). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Newman, M. G., Cho, S., & Kim, H. (2017). Worry and generalized anxiety disorder: A review. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology.
go back to reference Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 686–697.PubMedPubMedCentral Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 686–697.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Păsărelu, C. R., Dobrean, A., Balazsi, R., Predescu, E., Sipos, R., & Lupu, V. (2017). The Penn State worry questionnaire for children: Age, gender and clinical invariance. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 359–369.PubMed Păsărelu, C. R., Dobrean, A., Balazsi, R., Predescu, E., Sipos, R., & Lupu, V. (2017). The Penn State worry questionnaire for children: Age, gender and clinical invariance. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 359–369.PubMed
go back to reference Pendergast, L. L., Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82.PubMed Pendergast, L. L., Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82.PubMed
go back to reference Pestle, S. L., Chorpita, B. F., & Schiffman, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire for children in a large clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 465–471. Pestle, S. L., Chorpita, B. F., & Schiffman, J. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Penn State worry questionnaire for children in a large clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 465–471.
go back to reference Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64.PubMed Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64.PubMed
go back to reference R Development Core Team (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3–900051–07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org. R Development Core Team (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3–900051–07-0, URL http://​www.​R-project.​org.
go back to reference Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(4), 401–423. Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(4), 401–423.
go back to reference Shu, L. (1988). Standardized psychiatric examination and assessment scale applications. In Y. Shen (Ed.), Psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 263–265). Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House. Shu, L. (1988). Standardized psychiatric examination and assessment scale applications. In Y. Shen (Ed.), Psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 263–265). Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House.
go back to reference Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
go back to reference Starcevic, V. (1995). Pathological worry in major depression: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 55–56.PubMed Starcevic, V. (1995). Pathological worry in major depression: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1), 55–56.PubMed
go back to reference Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245–251. Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245–251.
go back to reference Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.PubMedPubMedCentral Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Vasey, M. W. (1993). Development and cognition in childhood anxiety: The example of worry. Advances in clinical child psychology. Vasey, M. W. (1993). Development and cognition in childhood anxiety: The example of worry. Advances in clinical child psychology.
go back to reference Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(6), 529–549. Vasey, M. W., Crnic, K. A., & Carter, W. G. (1994). Worry in childhood: A developmental perspective. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18(6), 529–549.
go back to reference Weiss, B., Weisz, J. R., Politano, M., Carey, M., Nelson, W. M., & Finch, A. J. (1991). Developmental differences in the factor structure of the Children’s depression inventory. Psychological Assessment, 3, 38–45. Weiss, B., Weisz, J. R., Politano, M., Carey, M., Nelson, W. M., & Finch, A. J. (1991). Developmental differences in the factor structure of the Children’s depression inventory. Psychological Assessment, 3, 38–45.
go back to reference Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C., & Knight, A. (2014). Comparison of the Penn State worry questionnaire (PSWQ) and abbreviated version (PSWQ-A) in a clinical and non-clinical population of older adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 657–663.PubMed Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C., & Knight, A. (2014). Comparison of the Penn State worry questionnaire (PSWQ) and abbreviated version (PSWQ-A) in a clinical and non-clinical population of older adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 657–663.PubMed
go back to reference Yang, Z., Wang, R., Chen, H., & Ding, J. (2015). Personality and worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Social Behavior and Personality, 43(10), 1607–1616. Yang, Z., Wang, R., Chen, H., & Ding, J. (2015). Personality and worry: The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Social Behavior and Personality, 43(10), 1607–1616.
go back to reference Yin, Q., Wu, L., Yu, X., & Liu, W. (2019). Neuroticism predicts a long-term PTSD after earthquake trauma: The moderating effects of personality. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 657.PubMedPubMedCentral Yin, Q., Wu, L., Yu, X., & Liu, W. (2019). Neuroticism predicts a long-term PTSD after earthquake trauma: The moderating effects of personality. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 657.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Yu, D., & Li, X. (2000). Preliminary use of the Children’s depression inventory in China. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 14, 225–227. Yu, D., & Li, X. (2000). Preliminary use of the Children’s depression inventory in China. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 14, 225–227.
go back to reference Zhang, Z. (2005). State-trait anxiety inventory, STAI. In Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science Editorial Committee (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine scales (pp. 212–213). Beijing: Chinese Medical Multimedia Press. Zhang, Z. (2005). State-trait anxiety inventory, STAI. In Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science Editorial Committee (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral medicine scales (pp. 212–213). Beijing: Chinese Medical Multimedia Press.
go back to reference Zhong, J., Wang, C., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2009). Penn State worry questionnaire: Structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 10(3), 211–218.PubMedPubMedCentral Zhong, J., Wang, C., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2009). Penn State worry questionnaire: Structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 10(3), 211–218.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metagegevens
Titel
Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children in Chinese Adolescents
Auteurs
Yixing Liu
Jie Zhong
Publicatiedatum
25-07-2020
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 11/2020
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00680-1

Andere artikelen Uitgave 11/2020

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 11/2020 Naar de uitgave