Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 6/2012

01-08-2012

Stress, Cortisol, and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescent Males: An Examination in the Context of Multisystemic Therapy

Auteurs: Julia C. Schechter, Patricia A. Brennan, Phillippe B. Cunningham, Sharon L. Foster, Elizabeth Whitmore

Gepubliceerd in: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology | Uitgave 6/2012

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

Stress and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation have been associated with externalizing behavior in adolescence, but few studies have examined these factors in a treatment context. This study investigated the relationship between stress, cortisol, and externalizing behavior among 120 adolescent males (mean age = 15) receiving Multisystemic Therapy (MST). To examine the differential relationship of cortisol with various types of stressors, self-report measures assessed lifetime stress, current episodic stress, and daily hassles. Morning and afternoon cortisol samples were collected to examine whether the relationship between stress and treatment outcome depended on the youth’s biological stress levels. Regression analyses indicated that awakening cortisol levels moderated the relationship between daily hassles and externalizing behaviors at post-treatment. More specifically, higher levels of daily hassles predicted worse outcomes only among adolescents with high levels of morning cortisol. In addition, lifetime stressors and afternoon measures of cortisol interacted to predict changes in caretaker reports of externalizing problems and youth arrests following treatment; lifetime stressors were positively associated with externalizing behavior when adolescents had low levels of afternoon cortisol. Implications for theory and future directions for evidence-based treatment are discussed.
Literatuur
go back to reference Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. California Sage: Thousand Oaks. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. California Sage: Thousand Oaks.
go back to reference Alink, L. R. A., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychobiolgy, 50(5), 427–450.CrossRef Alink, L. R. A., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychobiolgy, 50(5), 427–450.CrossRef
go back to reference Bartels, M., de Geus, E. J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Sluyter, F., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003). Heritability of daytime cortisol levels in children. Behavior Genetics, 33(4), 421–433.PubMedCrossRef Bartels, M., de Geus, E. J. C., Kirschbaum, C., Sluyter, F., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003). Heritability of daytime cortisol levels in children. Behavior Genetics, 33(4), 421–433.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bevans, K., Cerbone, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Relations between recurrent trauma exposure and recent life stress and salivary cortisol among children. Developmental Psychopathology, 20(01), 1–16.CrossRef Bevans, K., Cerbone, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Relations between recurrent trauma exposure and recent life stress and salivary cortisol among children. Developmental Psychopathology, 20(01), 1–16.CrossRef
go back to reference Brand, A., & Johnson, J. (1982). Note on the reliability of the Life Events Checklist. Psychological Reports, 50, 1274.CrossRef Brand, A., & Johnson, J. (1982). Note on the reliability of the Life Events Checklist. Psychological Reports, 50, 1274.CrossRef
go back to reference Brand, S. R., Schechter, J. C., Hammen, C. L., Brocque, R. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2011). Do adolescent offspring of women with PTSD experience higher levels of chronic and episodic stress? Journal of Traumatic Stress, n/a-n/a. Brand, S. R., Schechter, J. C., Hammen, C. L., Brocque, R. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2011). Do adolescent offspring of women with PTSD experience higher levels of chronic and episodic stress? Journal of Traumatic Stress, n/a-n/a.
go back to reference Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Developmental Psychopathology, 13(3), 677–693.CrossRef Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Developmental Psychopathology, 13(3), 677–693.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, M. A., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010). Studying the costs of crime across offender trajectories. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(2), 279–305.CrossRef Cohen, M. A., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010). Studying the costs of crime across offender trajectories. Criminology & Public Policy, 9(2), 279–305.CrossRef
go back to reference Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 215–237.PubMedCrossRef Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 215–237.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fischer, J., & Corcoran, K. (2006). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Fischer, J., & Corcoran, K. (2006). Measures for clinical practice and research: A sourcebook (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Fries, E., Hesse, J., Hellhammer, J., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2005). A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1010–1016.PubMedCrossRef Fries, E., Hesse, J., Hellhammer, J., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2005). A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1010–1016.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gunnar, M. R., Morison, S. J., Chisholm, K., & Schuder, M. (2001). Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 611–628.CrossRef Gunnar, M. R., Morison, S. J., Chisholm, K., & Schuder, M. (2001). Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 611–628.CrossRef
go back to reference Hawes, D. J., Brennan, J., & Dadds, M. R. (2009). Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(4), 357–362.PubMedCrossRef Hawes, D. J., Brennan, J., & Dadds, M. R. (2009). Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(4), 357–362.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status.
go back to reference Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology (pp. 32–47). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. In B. L. Hankin & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology (pp. 32–47). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference Jessop, D. S., & Turner-Cobb, J. M. (2008). Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: a focus on health and disease in children. Stress, 11(1), 1–14.PubMedCrossRef Jessop, D. S., & Turner-Cobb, J. M. (2008). Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: a focus on health and disease in children. Stress, 11(1), 1–14.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kessler, R., & Magee, W. (1993). Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a U.S. national survey. Psychological Medicine, 23, 679–690.PubMedCrossRef Kessler, R., & Magee, W. (1993). Childhood adversities and adult depression: basic patterns of association in a U.S. national survey. Psychological Medicine, 23, 679–690.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kirschbaum, C., Wust, S., & Hellhammer, D. (1992). Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54(6), 648.PubMed Kirschbaum, C., Wust, S., & Hellhammer, D. (1992). Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54(6), 648.PubMed
go back to reference Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biological Psychology, 69(1), 113–132.PubMedCrossRef Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biological Psychology, 69(1), 113–132.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Steptoe, A. (2004). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(4), 516–528.PubMedCrossRef Kunz-Ebrecht, S. R., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Steptoe, A. (2004). Differences in cortisol awakening response on work days and weekends in women and men from the Whitehall II cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(4), 516–528.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lavigne, J. V., Lebailly, S. A., Gouze, K. R., Cicchetti, C., Jessup, B. W., Arend, R., et al. (2007). Predictor and moderator effects in the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in pediatric primary care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(5), 462–472.PubMedCrossRef Lavigne, J. V., Lebailly, S. A., Gouze, K. R., Cicchetti, C., Jessup, B. W., Arend, R., et al. (2007). Predictor and moderator effects in the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in pediatric primary care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(5), 462–472.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Loney, B. R., Butler, M. A., Lima, E. N., Counts, C. A., & Eckel, L. A. (2006). The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 30–36.PubMedCrossRef Loney, B. R., Butler, M. A., Lima, E. N., Counts, C. A., & Eckel, L. A. (2006). The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 30–36.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lopez-Duran, N. L., Olson, S. L., Hajal, N. J., Felt, B. T., & Vazquez, D. M. (2009). Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis functioning in reactive and proactive aggression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(2), 169–182.PubMedCrossRef Lopez-Duran, N. L., Olson, S. L., Hajal, N. J., Felt, B. T., & Vazquez, D. M. (2009). Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis functioning in reactive and proactive aggression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(2), 169–182.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 86–104.PubMedCrossRef Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 86–104.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mathijssen, J. J. J. P., Koot, H. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Predicting change in problem behavior from child and family characteristics and stress in referred children and adolescents. Developmental Psychopathology, 11(02), 305–320.CrossRef Mathijssen, J. J. J. P., Koot, H. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1999). Predicting change in problem behavior from child and family characteristics and stress in referred children and adolescents. Developmental Psychopathology, 11(02), 305–320.CrossRef
go back to reference McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., & Loeber, R. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 38–43.PubMedCrossRef McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., & Loeber, R. (2000). Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 38–43.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Miller, D. B., & Townsend, A. (2005). Urban hassles as chronic stressors and adolescent mental health: the Urban Hassles Index. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(1), 85–94.CrossRef Miller, D. B., & Townsend, A. (2005). Urban hassles as chronic stressors and adolescent mental health: the Urban Hassles Index. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(1), 85–94.CrossRef
go back to reference Murray-Close, D., Han, G., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. A. (2008). Neuroendocrine regulation and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of child maltreatment and gender. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1160–1176.PubMedCrossRef Murray-Close, D., Han, G., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. A. (2008). Neuroendocrine regulation and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of child maltreatment and gender. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1160–1176.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nock, M. K. (2003). Progress review of the psychosocial treatment of child conduct problems. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(1), 1–28.CrossRef Nock, M. K. (2003). Progress review of the psychosocial treatment of child conduct problems. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(1), 1–28.CrossRef
go back to reference Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H. M., Knol, D. L., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Low basal salivary cortisol is associated with teacher-reported symptoms of conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research, 134(1), 1–10.PubMedCrossRef Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H. M., Knol, D. L., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Low basal salivary cortisol is associated with teacher-reported symptoms of conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research, 134(1), 1–10.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 117–133.CrossRef Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A self-report measure of pubertal status: reliability, validity, and initial norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 117–133.CrossRef
go back to reference Popma, A., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Jansen, L. M. C., van Goozen, S. H. M., van Engeland, H., & Vermeiren, R. (2007). The diurnal cortisol cycle in delinquent male adolescents and normal controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(7), 1622–1628.PubMedCrossRef Popma, A., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Jansen, L. M. C., van Goozen, S. H. M., van Engeland, H., & Vermeiren, R. (2007). The diurnal cortisol cycle in delinquent male adolescents and normal controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(7), 1622–1628.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(8), 999–1010.PubMed Post, R. M. (1992). Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(8), 999–1010.PubMed
go back to reference Raine, A. (1993). The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder. San Diego: Academic. Raine, A. (1993). The psychopathology of crime: Criminal behavior as a clinical disorder. San Diego: Academic.
go back to reference Sapolsky, R. M. (1994). Why zebras don’t get ulcers: An updated guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: W.H. Freeman. Sapolsky, R. M. (1994). Why zebras don’t get ulcers: An updated guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping. New York: W.H. Freeman.
go back to reference Scerbo, A., & Kolko, D. J. (1994). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: relationship to aggressive. Hyperactive, and Internalizing Behaviors, 33(8), 1174–1184. Scerbo, A., & Kolko, D. J. (1994). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: relationship to aggressive. Hyperactive, and Internalizing Behaviors, 33(8), 1174–1184.
go back to reference Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2005). Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Developmental Psychopathology, 17(01), 167–184.CrossRef Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2005). Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Developmental Psychopathology, 17(01), 167–184.CrossRef
go back to reference Shoal, G. D., Giancola, P. R., & Kirillova, G. P. (2003). Salivary cortisol, personality, and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: a 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(9), 1101–1107.PubMedCrossRef Shoal, G. D., Giancola, P. R., & Kirillova, G. P. (2003). Salivary cortisol, personality, and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: a 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(9), 1101–1107.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sondeijker, F. E. P. L., Ferdinand, R. F., Oldehinkel, A. J., Veenstra, R., Tiemeier, H., Ormel, J., et al. (2007). Disruptive behaviors and HPA-axis activity in young adolescent boys and girls from the general population. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(7), 570–578.PubMedCrossRef Sondeijker, F. E. P. L., Ferdinand, R. F., Oldehinkel, A. J., Veenstra, R., Tiemeier, H., Ormel, J., et al. (2007). Disruptive behaviors and HPA-axis activity in young adolescent boys and girls from the general population. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(7), 570–578.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Hoven, C. W., Moore, R., Wu, P., Wicks, J., et al. (2001). Relationship between specific adverse life events and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(2), 153–164.PubMedCrossRef Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Hoven, C. W., Moore, R., Wu, P., Wicks, J., et al. (2001). Relationship between specific adverse life events and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(2), 153–164.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tout, K., de Haan, M., Campbell, E. K., & Gunnar, M. R. (1998). Social behavior correlates of cortisol activity in child care: gender differences and time-of-day effects. Child Development, 69(5), 1247–1262.PubMedCrossRef Tout, K., de Haan, M., Campbell, E. K., & Gunnar, M. R. (1998). Social behavior correlates of cortisol activity in child care: gender differences and time-of-day effects. Child Development, 69(5), 1247–1262.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference U.S. Public Health Service (1999). Mental health: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. U.S. Public Health Service (1999). Mental health: a report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
go back to reference Van Bokhoven, I., Van Goozen, S. H. M., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Séguin, J. R., et al. (2005). Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Journal of Neural Transmission, 112(8), 1083–1096.PubMedCrossRef Van Bokhoven, I., Van Goozen, S. H. M., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Séguin, J. R., et al. (2005). Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Journal of Neural Transmission, 112(8), 1083–1096.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van de Wiel, N. M. H., van Goozen, S. H. M., Matthys, W., Snoek, H., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Cortisol and treatment effect in children with disruptive behavior disorders: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(8), 1011–1018.PubMedCrossRef Van de Wiel, N. M. H., van Goozen, S. H. M., Matthys, W., Snoek, H., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Cortisol and treatment effect in children with disruptive behavior disorders: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(8), 1011–1018.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van Goozen, S., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Buitelaar, J., & van Engeland, H. (2000a). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity in disruptive children and matched controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1438–1445.CrossRef Van Goozen, S., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Buitelaar, J., & van Engeland, H. (2000a). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system activity in disruptive children and matched controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1438–1445.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Goozen, S. H., Van Den Ban, E., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Thijssen, J. H., & Van Engeland, H. (2000b). Increased adrenal androgen functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: a comparison with psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1446–1451. Van Goozen, S. H., Van Den Ban, E., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Thijssen, J. H., & Van Engeland, H. (2000b). Increased adrenal androgen functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: a comparison with psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1446–1451.
go back to reference Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: a comparison of child and parent training interventions* 1,* 2. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Webster-Stratton, C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: a comparison of child and parent training interventions* 1,* 2. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
go back to reference Willemen, A. M., Koot, H. M., Ferdinand, R. F., Goossens, F. A., & Schuengel, C. (2008). Change in psychopathology in referred children: the role of life events and perceived stress (pp. 1175–1183). Psychiatry: Journal of Child Psychology and. Willemen, A. M., Koot, H. M., Ferdinand, R. F., Goossens, F. A., & Schuengel, C. (2008). Change in psychopathology in referred children: the role of life events and perceived stress (pp. 1175–1183). Psychiatry: Journal of Child Psychology and.
go back to reference Williams, R. J., & Chang, S. Y. (2000). A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7(2), 138–166.CrossRef Williams, R. J., & Chang, S. Y. (2000). A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7(2), 138–166.CrossRef
go back to reference Zuckerman, M. (1978). Sensation seeking and psychopathy. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behaviour: Approaches to research (pp. 165–186.). London: Wiley. Zuckerman, M. (1978). Sensation seeking and psychopathy. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behaviour: Approaches to research (pp. 165–186.). London: Wiley.
Metagegevens
Titel
Stress, Cortisol, and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescent Males: An Examination in the Context of Multisystemic Therapy
Auteurs
Julia C. Schechter
Patricia A. Brennan
Phillippe B. Cunningham
Sharon L. Foster
Elizabeth Whitmore
Publicatiedatum
01-08-2012
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology / Uitgave 6/2012
Print ISSN: 2730-7166
Elektronisch ISSN: 2730-7174
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9612-0

Andere artikelen Uitgave 6/2012

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 6/2012 Naar de uitgave