Skip to main content
Top
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 4/2020

22-01-2020 | Original Paper

Stigma and Forgiveness in Ghanaian Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Auteurs: M. Oti-Boadi, E. Dankyi, C. O. Kwakye-Nuako

Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 4/2020

Log in om toegang te krijgen
share
DELEN

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

  • Optie A:
    Klik op de rechtermuisknop op de link en selecteer de optie “linkadres kopiëren”
  • Optie B:
    Deel de link per e-mail

Abstract

This study explored stigma experiences of mothers of children with ASD and forgiveness as their coping response. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 mothers of children with ASD. Results of this study found several noteworthy themes including, feelings of mother, family/societal reactions, forgiveness factors, and impact of forgiveness. Mothers reported significant stigmatization from families and society. Some expressed their feelings towards themselves, others and God, and finally recounted the use of forgiveness as a coping resource which contributed significantly to their well-being. Findings from this study contribute to the emerging literature on forgiveness as a coping resource for persons who are offended. Implications for clinical practice, intervention and policy are discussed.
Literatuur
go back to reference Aldersey, H. M. (2012). Family perceptions of intellectual disability: Understanding and support in Dares Salaam. African Journal of Disability,1(1), 32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aldersey, H. M. (2012). Family perceptions of intellectual disability: Understanding and support in Dares Salaam. African Journal of Disability,1(1), 32.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Aldersey, H. M., Kavira, S., Kiasimbua, J., Lokako, W., Miaka, P., & Monte, L. (2018). Stigma experienced by families with members with intellectual disabilities in Kinshasa. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Intervention,16, 119–128. Aldersey, H. M., Kavira, S., Kiasimbua, J., Lokako, W., Miaka, P., & Monte, L. (2018). Stigma experienced by families with members with intellectual disabilities in Kinshasa. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Intervention,16, 119–128.
go back to reference Ambikile, J. S., & Outwater, A. (2012). Challenges of caring for children with mental disorders: Experiences and views of caregivers attending the outpatient clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental health,6(1), 1–11.CrossRef Ambikile, J. S., & Outwater, A. (2012). Challenges of caring for children with mental disorders: Experiences and views of caregivers attending the outpatient clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam-Tanzania. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental health,6(1), 1–11.CrossRef
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef
go back to reference Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research,1(3), 385–405.CrossRef Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research,1(3), 385–405.CrossRef
go back to reference Baker, D. L., & Drapela, L. A. (2010). Mostly the mother: Concentration of adverse employment effects on mothers of children with autism. The Social Science Journal,47, 578–592.CrossRef Baker, D. L., & Drapela, L. A. (2010). Mostly the mother: Concentration of adverse employment effects on mothers of children with autism. The Social Science Journal,47, 578–592.CrossRef
go back to reference Belgrave, F. Z., & Allison, K. W. (2006). African American psychology: From Africa to America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Belgrave, F. Z., & Allison, K. W. (2006). African American psychology: From Africa to America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O’Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality,73, 183–225.CrossRefPubMed Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O’Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality,73, 183–225.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bono, G. (2003). Commonplace forgiveness among and between groups and the cross-cultural perception of transgressors and transgressions. Bono, G. (2003). Commonplace forgiveness among and between groups and the cross-cultural perception of transgressors and transgressions.
go back to reference Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities,17(4), 208–215.CrossRef Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities,17(4), 208–215.CrossRef
go back to reference Brown, R. P., & Phillips, A. (2005). Letting bygones be bygones: Further evidence for the validity of the Tendency to Forgive scale. Personality and Individual Differences,38, 627–638.CrossRef Brown, R. P., & Phillips, A. (2005). Letting bygones be bygones: Further evidence for the validity of the Tendency to Forgive scale. Personality and Individual Differences,38, 627–638.CrossRef
go back to reference Cantwell, J., Muldoon, O., & Gallagher, S. (2015). The influence of self-esteem and social support on the relationship between stigma and depressive symptomology in parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,59(10), 948–957.CrossRefPubMed Cantwell, J., Muldoon, O., & Gallagher, S. (2015). The influence of self-esteem and social support on the relationship between stigma and depressive symptomology in parents caring for children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,59(10), 948–957.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference CDC. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children aged 8 years: autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Surveillance Summaries,63(2), 1–22. CDC. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children aged 8 years: autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Surveillance Summaries,63(2), 1–22.
go back to reference Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2011). Psychological well-being of caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities: using parental stress as a mediating factor. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities,15(2), 101–113.CrossRefPubMed Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2011). Psychological well-being of caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities: using parental stress as a mediating factor. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities,15(2), 101–113.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Edwards, L. M., Lapp-Rinker, R. H., Magyar-Moe, J. L., Rehfeldt, J. D., Ryder, J. A., Brown, J. C., et al. (2002). A positive relationship between religious faith and forgiveness: Faith in the absence of data? Pastoral Psychology,50, 147–152.CrossRef Edwards, L. M., Lapp-Rinker, R. H., Magyar-Moe, J. L., Rehfeldt, J. D., Ryder, J. A., Brown, J. C., et al. (2002). A positive relationship between religious faith and forgiveness: Faith in the absence of data? Pastoral Psychology,50, 147–152.CrossRef
go back to reference Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y. J., et al. (2012). Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Research,5, 160–179.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y. J., et al. (2012). Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Research,5, 160–179.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step by step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step by step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
go back to reference Escher, D. (2013). How does religion promote forgiveness? Linking beliefs, orientations, and practices. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,52(1), 100–119.CrossRef Escher, D. (2013). How does religion promote forgiveness? Linking beliefs, orientations, and practices. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,52(1), 100–119.CrossRef
go back to reference Exline, J. J. (2008). Beliefs about God and forgiveness in a Baptist church sample. Journal of Psychology and Christianity,27, 131–139. Exline, J. J. (2008). Beliefs about God and forgiveness in a Baptist church sample. Journal of Psychology and Christianity,27, 131–139.
go back to reference Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Socialcognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,100, 129–148.CrossRefPubMed Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Socialcognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,100, 129–148.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Fernandez, M. C., & Arcia, E. (2004). Disruptive behaviors and maternal responsibility: a complex portrait of stigma, self-blame and other reactions. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,26, 356–372.CrossRef Fernandez, M. C., & Arcia, E. (2004). Disruptive behaviors and maternal responsibility: a complex portrait of stigma, self-blame and other reactions. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences,26, 356–372.CrossRef
go back to reference Fincham, F. D., Hall, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (2006). Forgiveness in marriage: Current status and future directions. Family Relations, 55, 415–427.CrossRef Fincham, F. D., Hall, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (2006). Forgiveness in marriage: Current status and future directions. Family Relations, 55, 415–427.CrossRef
go back to reference Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). (May 2012). Population and Housing Census. Summary Report of Final Results. Accra, Ghana: Sankofa Press Limited. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). (May 2012). Population and Housing Census. Summary Report of Final Results. Accra, Ghana: Sankofa Press Limited.
go back to reference Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
go back to reference Gray, D. E. (2002). Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed: felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24 (6), 734–749. Gray, D. E. (2002). Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed: felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism. Sociology of Health and Illness, 24 (6), 734–749.
go back to reference Green, S. E. (2003). ‘‘What do you mean ‘what’s wrong with her?’’’: stigma and the lives of families of children with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine,57, 1361–1374.CrossRefPubMed Green, S. E. (2003). ‘‘What do you mean ‘what’s wrong with her?’’’: stigma and the lives of families of children with disabilities. Social Science and Medicine,57, 1361–1374.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
go back to reference Gyekye, K. (2003). African cultural values: An introduction. Accra, Ghana: Sankofa Publishing Company. Gyekye, K. (2003). African cultural values: An introduction. Accra, Ghana: Sankofa Publishing Company.
go back to reference Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., & Windridge, K. (2007). An introduction to qualitative research. The NIHR RDS EM/YH: Nottingham. Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., & Windridge, K. (2007). An introduction to qualitative research. The NIHR RDS EM/YH: Nottingham.
go back to reference Hervie, V. M. (2013). Shut up! Social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in Ghana: An empirical study of how parents and teachers experience social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities (Master’s thesis, University of Nordland, Norway). Retrieved February 20, 2019 from https://hdl.handle.net/11250/139975. Hervie, V. M. (2013). Shut up! Social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in Ghana: An empirical study of how parents and teachers experience social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities (Master’s thesis, University of Nordland, Norway). Retrieved February 20, 2019 from https://​hdl.​handle.​net/​11250/​139975.
go back to reference Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Utsey, S. O., Davis, D. E., & Burnette, J. L. (2012). Collectivistic self- construal and forgiveness. Counseling and Values,57(1), 109–124.CrossRef Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Utsey, S. O., Davis, D. E., & Burnette, J. L. (2012). Collectivistic self- construal and forgiveness. Counseling and Values,57(1), 109–124.CrossRef
go back to reference Katbamna, S., Bhakta, P., & Parker, G. (2000). Perceptions of disability and care-giving relationships in South Asian communities. In W. Ahmad (Ed.), Ethnicity, disability and chronic illness (pp. 12–28). Philadelphia: Open University Press. Katbamna, S., Bhakta, P., & Parker, G. (2000). Perceptions of disability and care-giving relationships in South Asian communities. In W. Ahmad (Ed.), Ethnicity, disability and chronic illness (pp. 12–28). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
go back to reference Kearney, P. M., & Griffin, T. (2001). Between joy and sorrow: Being a parent of a child with developmental disability. Journal of Advanced Nursing,34, 582–592.CrossRefPubMed Kearney, P. M., & Griffin, T. (2001). Between joy and sorrow: Being a parent of a child with developmental disability. Journal of Advanced Nursing,34, 582–592.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kermanshahi, S. M., Vanaki, Z., Ahmadi, F., Kazemnejad, A., Mordoch, E., & Azadfalah, P. (2008). Iranian mothers’ perceptions of their lives with children with mental retardation: A preliminary phenomenological investigation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,20, 317–326.CrossRef Kermanshahi, S. M., Vanaki, Z., Ahmadi, F., Kazemnejad, A., Mordoch, E., & Azadfalah, P. (2008). Iranian mothers’ perceptions of their lives with children with mental retardation: A preliminary phenomenological investigation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,20, 317–326.CrossRef
go back to reference Lam, L. W., & Mackenzie, A. E. (2002). Coping with a child with Down syndrome: the experiences of mothers in Hong Kong. Qualitative Health Research,12(2), 223–237.CrossRefPubMed Lam, L. W., & Mackenzie, A. E. (2002). Coping with a child with Down syndrome: the experiences of mothers in Hong Kong. Qualitative Health Research,12(2), 223–237.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well-lived? Personality and Individual Differences,41, 1009–1020.CrossRef Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well-lived? Personality and Individual Differences,41, 1009–1020.CrossRef
go back to reference Luskin, F. (2002). Forgive for good: A proven prescription for health and happiness. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers Inc. Luskin, F. (2002). Forgive for good: A proven prescription for health and happiness. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers Inc.
go back to reference Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin Press. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. New York: Penguin Press.
go back to reference Mak, W. W., & Kwok, Y. T. (2010). Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine,70, 2045–2051.CrossRefPubMed Mak, W. W., & Kwok, Y. T. (2010). Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social Science and Medicine,70, 2045–2051.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Michie, M., & Skinner, D. (2010). Narrating disability, narrating religious practice: Reconciliation and fragile X syndrome. Journal Information,48, 99–111. Michie, M., & Skinner, D. (2010). Narrating disability, narrating religious practice: Reconciliation and fragile X syndrome. Journal Information,48, 99–111.
go back to reference Orcutt, H. K. (2006). The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology,53, 350–361.CrossRef Orcutt, H. K. (2006). The prospective relationship of interpersonal forgiveness and psychological distress symptoms among college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology,53, 350–361.CrossRef
go back to reference Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin [online],135(4), 531554. Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin [online],135(4), 531554.
go back to reference Paster, A., Brandwein, D., & Walsh, J. (2009). A comparison of coping strategies used by parents of children with disabilities and parents of children without disabilities. Research on Developmental Disabilities,30, 1337–1342.CrossRef Paster, A., Brandwein, D., & Walsh, J. (2009). A comparison of coping strategies used by parents of children with disabilities and parents of children without disabilities. Research on Developmental Disabilities,30, 1337–1342.CrossRef
go back to reference Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Rusbult, C. E., Hannon, P. A., Stocker, S. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2005). Forgiveness and relational repair. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 185–205). New York: Routledge. Rusbult, C. E., Hannon, P. A., Stocker, S. L., & Finkel, E. J. (2005). Forgiveness and relational repair. In E. L. Worthington (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 185–205). New York: Routledge.
go back to reference Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260.CrossRef Rye, M. S., Loiacono, D. M., Folck, C. D., Olszewski, B. T., Heim, T. A., & Madia, B. P. (2001). Evaluation of the psychometric properties of two forgiveness scales. Current Psychology, 20(3), 260.CrossRef
go back to reference Rye, M. S., & McCabe, C. F. (2014). Religion and forgiveness of others. In C. Kim-Prieto (Ed.), Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology Religion and spirituality across cultures (Vol. 9, pp. 303–318). New York, NY, US: Springer.CrossRef Rye, M. S., & McCabe, C. F. (2014). Religion and forgiveness of others. In C. Kim-Prieto (Ed.), Cross-cultural advancements in positive psychology Religion and spirituality across cultures (Vol. 9, pp. 303–318). New York, NY, US: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Sandage, S. J., & Williamson, I. (2005). Forgiveness in cultural context. In E. L. Worthington & N. G. Wade (Eds.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 41–55). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge. Sandage, S. J., & Williamson, I. (2005). Forgiveness in cultural context. In E. L. Worthington & N. G. Wade (Eds.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 41–55). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
go back to reference Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,40, 167–178.CrossRefPubMed Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,40, 167–178.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology,145, 673–685.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology,145, 673–685.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Toussaint, L., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2012). Investigating forgiveness on Christian college campuses. In M. S. Rye (Ed.), New developments in forgiveness intervention research. Symposium presented at the 120th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL. Toussaint, L., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2012). Investigating forgiveness on Christian college campuses. In M. S. Rye (Ed.), New developments in forgiveness intervention research. Symposium presented at the 120th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.
go back to reference Tsang, H. W. H., Tam, P. K. C., Chan, F., & Chang, W. M. (2003). Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research,26(2), 123–130.PubMed Tsang, H. W. H., Tam, P. K. C., Chan, F., & Chang, W. M. (2003). Sources of burdens on families of individuals with mental illness. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research,26(2), 123–130.PubMed
go back to reference Utsey, S. O., Adams, E. P., & Bolden, M. (2000). Development and initial validation of the Africultural coping systems inventory. Journal of Black Psychology,26, 194–215.CrossRef Utsey, S. O., Adams, E. P., & Bolden, M. (2000). Development and initial validation of the Africultural coping systems inventory. Journal of Black Psychology,26, 194–215.CrossRef
go back to reference Vauth, R., Kleim, B., Wirtz, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2007). Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research,150, 71–80.CrossRefPubMed Vauth, R., Kleim, B., Wirtz, M., & Corrigan, P. W. (2007). Self-efficacy and empowerment as outcomes of self-stigmatizing and coping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research,150, 71–80.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling and Development,81(3), 343–353.CrossRef Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling and Development,81(3), 343–353.CrossRef
go back to reference White, N., & Hastings, R. P. (2004). Social and professional support for parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,17(3), 181–190.CrossRef White, N., & Hastings, R. P. (2004). Social and professional support for parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities,17(3), 181–190.CrossRef
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Meeting Report: Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Developmental Disorders: From Raising Awareness to Building Capacity. Geneva: Switzerland. World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Meeting Report: Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Developmental Disorders: From Raising Awareness to Building Capacity. Geneva: Switzerland.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. New York, NY: Crown. Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. New York, NY: Crown.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of forgiveness. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Worthington, E. L. (Ed.). (2005). Handbook of forgiveness. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2018). A Christian View of Forgiveness: Integrating Theology and Philosophy into a Psychological Approach. In G. L. Bock (Ed.), The Philosophy of Forgiveness: Forgiveness in World Religions (Vol. 3, pp. 15–32). Wilmington: Vernon Press. Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2018). A Christian View of Forgiveness: Integrating Theology and Philosophy into a Psychological Approach. In G. L. Bock (Ed.), The Philosophy of Forgiveness: Forgiveness in World Religions (Vol. 3, pp. 15–32). Wilmington: Vernon Press.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W., & Parrott, L. I. I. I. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and Health: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York: Guilford. Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W., & Parrott, L. I. I. I. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and Health: Psychological Perspectives (pp. 107–138). New York: Guilford.
go back to reference Ysseldyk, R., & Matheson, K. (2008). Forgiveness and coping. In W. Malcolm, N. DeCourville, & K. Belicki (Eds.), Women’s reflections on the complexities of forgiveness (pp. 143–164). New York: Routledge. Ysseldyk, R., & Matheson, K. (2008). Forgiveness and coping. In W. Malcolm, N. DeCourville, & K. Belicki (Eds.), Women’s reflections on the complexities of forgiveness (pp. 143–164). New York: Routledge.
Metagegevens
Titel
Stigma and Forgiveness in Ghanaian Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Auteurs
M. Oti-Boadi
E. Dankyi
C. O. Kwakye-Nuako
Publicatiedatum
22-01-2020
Uitgeverij
Springer US
Gepubliceerd in
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders / Uitgave 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0162-3257
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-3432
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04366-x

Andere artikelen Uitgave 4/2020

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 4/2020 Naar de uitgave