Top

Gepubliceerd in:

17-02-2018 | Original Article

Startle reflex modulation by affective face “Emoji” pictographs

Auteurs: Anton Aluja, Ferran Balada, Eduardo Blanco, Ignacio Lucas, Angel Blanch

Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research | Uitgave 1/2020

Abstract

The current research was designed to assess possible differences in the emotional content of pleasant and unpleasant face emoji using acoustically evoked eyeblink startle reflex response. Stimuli were selected from Emojipedia Webpage. First, we assessed these stimuli with a previous independent sample of 190 undergraduate students (46 males and 144 females) mean age of 21.43 years (SD 3.89). A principal axis method was performed using the 30 selected emoji faces, extracting two factors (15 pleasant and 15 unpleasant emoji). Second, we measured the acoustic startle reflex modulation in 53 young adult women [mean age 22.13 years (SD 4.3)] during the viewing of each of the 30 emoji emotional faces in the context of the theory of motivation and emotion proposed by Lang (1995), but considering only the valence dimension. We expected to find higher acoustically evoked startle responses when viewing unpleasant emoji and lower responses for pleasant ones, similarly to the results obtained in the studies using human faces as emotional stimulus. An ANOVA was conducted to compare acoustic startle responses associated with pleasant and unpleasant emoji. Results yielded main effects for picture valence (λ = 0.80, F(1, 50) = 12.80, p = .001, η² = 0.20). Post-hoc t test analysis indicated significant differences in the startle response between unpleasant (50.95 ± 1.75) and pleasant (49.14 ± 2.49) emoji (t (52) = 3.59, p = .001), with a Cohen’s d = 0.495. Viewing affective facial emoji expressions modulates the acoustic startle reflex response according to their emotional content.

vorige artikel Count on arousal: introducing a new method for investigating the effects of emotional valence and arousal on visual search performance

volgende artikel Coding valence in touchscreen interactions: hand dominance and lateral movement influence valence appraisals of emotional pictures

https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/asset_document/i/129067827/download.

https://www.statista.com/statistics/476354/reasons-usage-emojis-internet-users-us/.

Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433(7021), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03086.CrossRefPubMed

Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 15(9), 5879–5891.CrossRef

Alpers, G. W., & Adolph, D. (2006). Startle and autonomic nervous system modulation while viewing emotional scenes or emotional facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 43(Supplement 1), S7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.001.CrossRef

Aluja, A., & Blanch, A. (2011). Neuropsychological behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) assessment: A shortened sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire version (SPSRQ–20). Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(6), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.608760.CrossRef

Aluja, A., Blanch, A., & Balada, F. (2015). Affective modulation of the startle reflex and the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality in females. Physiology and Behavior, 138, 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.09.009.CrossRefPubMed

Aluja, A., Rossier, L., Blanch Á., Blanco, E., Martí-Guiu, M., & Balada, F. (2015). Personality effects and sex differences on the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): A Spanish and Swiss study. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.058.CrossRef

Anokhin, A. P., & Golosheykin, S. (2010). Startle modulation by affective faces. Biological Psychology, 83(1), 37–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.001.CrossRefPubMed

Balaban, M. T. (1995). Affective influences on startle in five-month-old infants: Reactions to facial expressions of emotions. Child Dev, 66(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00853.x.CrossRefPubMed

Balada, F., Blanch, A., & Aluja, A. (2014). Arousal and habituation effects (excitability) on startle responses to the international affective picture systems (IAPS). Journal of Psychophysiology, 28, 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000115.CrossRef

Blanch, A., Aluja, A., Blanco, E., & Balada, F. (2016). Examining habituation of the startle reflex with the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality: Habituation and RST. Psychophysiology, 53(10), 1535–1541. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12725.CrossRefPubMed

Blanch, A., Balada, F., & Aluja, A. (2013). Presentation and AcqKnowledge: An application of software to study human emotions and individual differences. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 110(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.10.013.CrossRefPubMed

Blumenthal, T. D., Cuthbert, B. N., Filion, D. L., Hackley, S., Lipp, O. V., & Van Boxtel, A. (2005). Committee report: Guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies. Psychophysiology, 42(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. C-1). Gainesville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000a). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37(2), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3720204.CrossRefPubMed

Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000b). Measuring emotion: Behavior feeling, and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242–276). New York: Oxford University Press.

Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L. et al. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17(5), 875–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80219-6.CrossRefPubMed

Churches, O., Nicholls, M., Thiessen, M., Kohler, M., & Keage, H. (2014). Emoticons in mind: An event-related potential study. Soc Neurosci, 9(2), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.873737.CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. Psychophysiology, 33(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02114.x.CrossRefPubMed

Derks, D., Bos, A. E., & von Grumbkow, J. (2008). Emoticons in computer-mediated communication: Social motives and social context. Cyberpsychology Behavior, 11(1), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9926.CrossRefPubMed

Detenber, B. H., & Reeves, B. (1996). A bio-informational theory of emotion: Motion and image size effects on viewers. Journal of Communication, 46(3), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01489.x.CrossRef

Dunning, J. P., Auriemmo, A., Castille, C., & Hajcak, G. (2010). In the face of anger: Startle modulation to graded facial expressions. Psychophysiology, 47(5), 874–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01007.x.CrossRefPubMed

Duval, E. R., Lovelace, C. T., Aarant, J., & Filion, D. L. (2013). The time course of face processing: Startle eyeblink response modulation by face gender and expression. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(3), 354–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.08.006.CrossRefPubMed

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975). Unmasking the face; a guide to recognizing emotions from facial clues. N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Evans, K. C., Wright, C. I., Wedig, M. M., Gold, A. L., Pollack, M. H., & Rauch, S. L. (2008). A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder. Depression and anxiety, 25(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20347.CrossRefPubMed

Filion, D. L., Dawson, M. E., & Schell, A. M. (1998). The psychological significance of human startle eyeblink modification: A review. Biological Psychology, 47(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(97)00020-3.CrossRefPubMed

Ganster, T., Eimler, S. C., & Kramer, N. C. (2012). Same same but different!? The differential influence of smilies and emoticons on person perception. Cyberpsychology Behaviour and Social Network, 15(4), 226–230. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0179.CrossRef

Guerra, P., Sanchez-Adam, A., Anllo-Vento, L., Ramirez, I., & Vila, J. (2012). Viewing loved faces inhibits defense reactions: A health-promotion mechanism? Plos One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041631 (ARTN e41631).CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hariri, A. R., Tessitore, A., Mattay, V. S., Fera, F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2002). The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A comparison of faces and scenes. Neuroimage, 17(1), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1179.CrossRefPubMed

Khalid, S., Horstmann, G., Ditye, T., & Ansorge, U. (2017). Measuring the emotion-specificity of rapid stimulus-driven attraction of attention to fearful faces: Evidence from emotion categorization and a comparison with disgusted faces. Psychological Research, 81(2), 508–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-016-0743-8.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, P. J. (1995). The emotion probe—studies of motivation and attention. American Psychologist, 50(5), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.50.5.372.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97(3), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biol Psychiatry, 44(12), 1248–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3.CrossRefPubMed

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Patrick, C. J. (1993). Emotion and psychopathology: A startle probe analysis. Progress in Experimental Personality & Psychopathology Research, 16, 163–199.

Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00343-8.CrossRefPubMed

Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., Johnson, I., Terveen, L., & Hecht, B. (2016). “Blissfully happy” or “ready to fight”: Varying Interpretations of Emoji. In Paper presented at the proceedings of the international AAAI conference on web and social media (ICWSM-2016), Cologne, Germany.

Paulus, A., Musial, E., & Renn, K. (2014). Gender of the expresser moderates the effect of emotional faces on the startle reflex. Cognition and Emotion, 28(8), 1493–1501. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.886557.CrossRefPubMed

Springer, U. S., Rosas, A., McGetrick, J., & Bowers, D. (2007). Differences in startle reactivity during the perception of angry and fearful faces. Emotion, 7(3), 516–525. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.516.CrossRefPubMed

Toratani, Y., & Hirayama, M. J. (2011, September). Psychological analysis of emoticons used for e-mails on cellular phones. In Mobile IT Convergence (ICMIC), 2011 International Conference on IEEE (pp. 49–53).

Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988). The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(4), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.487.CrossRefPubMed

Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron, 30(3), 829–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00328-2.CrossRefPubMed

Waters, A. M., Neumann, D. L., Henry, J., Craske, M. G., & Ornitz, E. M. (2008). Baseline and affective startle modulation by angry and neutral faces in 4–8-year-old anxious and non-anxious children. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.005.CrossRefPubMed

Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C. I., & Rauch, S. L. (2001). A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion, 1(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.70.CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Startle reflex modulation by affective face “Emoji” pictographs
Auteurs: Anton Aluja
Ferran Balada
Eduardo Blanco
Ignacio Lucas
Angel Blanch
Publicatiedatum: 17-02-2018
Uitgeverij: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Gepubliceerd in: Psychological Research / Uitgave 1/2020
Print ISSN: 0340-0727
Elektronisch ISSN: 1430-2772
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0991-x

Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Deel dit onderdeel of sectie (kopieer de link)

Abstract

Log in om toegang te krijgen

Andere artikelen Uitgave 1/2020

Consistency, not speed: temporal regularity as a metacognitive cue

Intertwining personal and reward relevance: evidence from the drift-diffusion model

Closing the gap: connecting sudden representational change to the subjective Aha! experience in insightful problem solving

Incubation and interactivity in insight problem solving

Action compatibility in spatial knowledge developed through virtual navigation

Count on arousal: introducing a new method for investigating the effects of emotional valence and arousal on visual search performance